Aquatic Fitness Professional Manual - 6th Edition » (6th Edition)

The Aquatic Exercise Association (AEA) is a not-for-profit educational organization committed to the advancement of aquatic fitness worldwide.

AEA is committed to increasing awareness, education, and networking opportunities to benefit professionals as well as the general public. With AEA, achieving healthy lifestyles through aquatic fitness is a global team effort. AEA embraces cultural diversity in the industry to ensure that individuals worldwide can enjoy and employ the benefits of aquatic fitness programs regardless of age, ability, goals, or interests.

This book is the definitive resource for individuals preparing for the AEA Aquatic Fitness Professional certification exam.

Chapter 1 Physical Fitness

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Components of Physical Fitness

Cardiorespiratory Endurance

Muscular Strength

Muscular Endurance

Flexibility

Body Composition

Skill-Related Components of Fitness

Guidelines for Exercise

Mode of Training

Frequency of Training

Intensity of Training

Duration of Training

Flexibility

Neuromuscular Exercises

Types of Aerobic Conditioning

Benefits of Regular Exercise

Health Benefits of Regular Exercise

Psychological Benefits of Regular Exercise

Physical Activity Vs. Physical Fitness

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 2 Exercise Anatomy

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Structural Organization of the Human Body

Systems of the Human Body

Anatomical Reference Terms

The Skeletal System

Classification of Bones

Structural Composition of Bone

How Bones Grow

The Human Skeleton

The Muscular System

Characteristics of Muscle Tissue

Muscle Structure

Muscle Arrangements

Muscles of the Upper Torso and Extremities

Muscles of the Torso

Muscles of the Lower Torso and Extremities

The Nervous System

Organization of the Nervous System

The Primary Peripheral Nerves

The Respiratory System

Organization of the Respiratory System

Oxygen Flow in the Respiratory System

The Cardiovascular System

Organization of the Cardiovascular System

Blood Flow and Oxygenation

Cardiovascular Terms

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 3 Movement Analysis

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Anatomical Position

Movement Terms

Mathematical Definitions of Movement Terms

Planes and Axes

Levers

Types of Joints

Spheroidal or Ball and Socket

Hinge or Ginglymus

Ellipsoidal or Condyloid

Saddle

Plane or Gliding

Pivot or Trochoid

Interaction Between the Skeletal and Muscular Systems

Movement Considerations

The Shoulder Girdle

The Shoulder Joint

The Elbow Joint

The Spine and Pelvic Girdle

The Hip Joint

The Knee Joint

Posture and Alignment

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 4 Exercise Physiology

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Physiological Principles

Overload

Progressive Overload

Adaptation

Specificity

Variability/Cross-Training

Reversibility

Muscle Balance

Energy Metabolism

Energy

Adenosine Triphosophate (ATP)

ATP-PCr System

Glycolytic System

Oxidative System

How These Systems Work Together to Supply the Body’s Energy Needs

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Sliding Filament Theory

Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers

Types of Skeletal Muscle Contractions and Actions

Aerobic Exercise Responses

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 5 The Aquatic Environment

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Heat Dissipation in the Aquatic Environment

Water Temperature

Humidity and Air Temperature

Water Resistance

Pool Considerations

Pool Depth and Shape

Pool Bottom

Deck Surfaces

Pool Gutters and Ladders

Water Quality

Air Quality

Acoustical Factors

Electrical Shock

Thunder and Lightning

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 6 The Physical Laws as Applied to the Aquatic Environment

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Motion

Newton’s Law of Motion and Related Concepts

The Law of Inertia

Total Body Inertia

The Water’s Inertia

Limb Inertia

Drag

Viscosity

Frontal Resistance

Hand Positions—Shape Factors

Intensity Alternations With Speed

The Law of Acceleration—Changing Velocity Also Affects Effort

The Law of Action and Reaction

Levers

Buoyancy

Hydrostatic Pressure

Surface Tension

Drag and Turbulence

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 7 Aquatic Fitness Equipment

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Primary Movement and Muscle Actions

Terminology and Definitions

Pure Movement, Movement on Land, and Submerged Movement

Types of Aquatic Equipment and Muscle Actions

Buoyant Equipment

Weighted Equipment

Drag Equipment

Rubberized Equipment

Flotation Equipment

Summary Table for Muscle Actions

Selecting and Purchasing Aquatic Fitness equipment

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 8 Aquatic Exercise Programming and Leadership

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Class Components

Warm-Up Component

Conditioning and Endurance Phase

Cardiorespiratory Endurance Training

Muscular Fitness Training

Muscular Flexibility and Range of Motion Training

Cool-Down Component

Program Format Variations

Circuit Training

Interval Training

Aquatic Dance Exercise

Deep-Water Fitness

Aquatic Step

Striding (Water Walk and Jog)

Muscular Conditioning

Aquatic Kickboxing

Ai Chi

Aquatic Pilates, Tai Chi, and Yoga

Pre- and Postnatal

Arthritis Programs

Aquatic Personal Training and Small-Group Fitness

Instructor Form and Alignment

The Art of Cueing

Verbal and Audible Cueing

Visual Cueing

Tactile Cueing

Additional Cueing Tips

Cueing Style

Smooth Transitions to Create Flow

Methods for Safe and Effective Instruction

Teaching From the Pool Deck

Conveying Movement Execution and Weight Transfer From Deck

Teaching From in the Pool

Teaching From on the Deck and in the Pool

Leading the Workout

Muscle Balance

High-Risk and Ineffective Movements

Very Fast Movements (Land Tempo and Double Time)

Extended Use of Arms Overhead

Very High-Impact Exercise

Promoting Muscle Imbalance

Prone Flutter Kicks

Wall-Hanging Exercises

Hip Flexion Versus Abdominal Conditioning

Hyperflexion of the Knee

Spinal Integrity

Proper Use of Equipment

Professional Behavior and Attire

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 9 Shallow-Water Exercise

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Common Choreography Definitions and Terms

Base Moves in Aquatic Choreography

Choreography Styles or Types

Linear Progression or Freestyle Choreography

Pyramid Choreography

Add-On Choreography

Pure Repetition or Patterned Choreography

Layer Technique

Impact Options for Aquatic Exercise

Impact Level Variations

Grounded and Anchored Movement

Propelled and Elevated Movement

Water-Specific Movements

Arm Patterns in Aquatic Exercise

Music

Execution of Movement

Land Tempo

Water Tempo Half Water Tempo

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 10 Deep-Water Exercise

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Physiology and Benefits of Deep-Water Exercise

Deep-Water Exercise Research

Application of Deep-Water Exercise Research

Qualifying Participants

Managing the Environment Pool Depth

Participant Workout Space

Water Temperature

Air Temperature

Pool Entry and Exit

Returning to Vertical Position

Lifeguard

Shoes

Equipment Safety

Deep-Water Equipment Options

Flotation Belts

Flotation Vests

Flotation Upper Arm Cuffs

Flotation Ankle Cuffs

Foam Logs

Resistance Devices

Deep-Water Technique and Alignment

Total Immeresion

Dynamic Stabilization

Center of Buoyancy and Diminished Gravity

Archimedes’ Principle

Placement of Flotation Equipment

Body Mechanics

Balance

Muscle Balance

Planes and Axes

Transitions

Intensity Alterations

Overload and Adaptation

Law of Inertia

Law of Acceleration

Law of Action and Reaction

Frontal Resistance

Hand Positions

Levers

Buoyancy

Speed

Drag

Deep-Water Programming and Leadership

Class Formats

Deck Instruction

Music and Tempo

Target Market

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 11 Special Populations

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Older Adults

Characteristics

Benefits of Regular Exercise

Program Considerations

Obese Individuals

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Children

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Adolescents

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Prenatal and Postnatal

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Cardiovascular Disease

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Pulmonary Diseases

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Musculoskeletal Disease

Characteristics

Arthritis

Low-Back Pain Syndrome

Osteoporosis

Metabolic Disease

Characteristics

Benefits of Exercise

Program Considerations

Neuromuscular Diseases

Immunological and Hematological Disorders

Cancer

Fibromyalgia Syndrome

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 12 Emergencies, Injuries, and Instructor Wellness

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Emergency Action Plans

Adapting First Aid, CPRA, and AED Training to the Aquatic Environment

Basic First Aid

CPR and AED

Emergencies

Distress and Drowning

Sudden Illness

Diabetes

Mycardial Infarction (Heart Attack)

Cardiac Arrest

Stroke

Epileptic Seizures

Heat-Related Illness

Lightning Strikes

Chronic Injuries

Shin Splints

Plantar Fasciitis

Tendonitis

Bursitis

Conditions of the Patella (Knee Cap)

Back Pain

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

Stress Fractures

Swimmer’s Ear

Fitness Professional Wellness

Lifeguard Lung Disease

Overtraining

Vocal Use and Abuse

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 13 Basic Nutrition and Weight Management

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

General Nutrition

Nutritional Components

Putting It All Together

Dietary Guidelines for Americans

USDA Food Guide

Common Nutritional Concerns

Cancer Risk Reduction

Heart Disease, Atherosclerosis, and Blood Cholesterol

Osteoporosis

Hypertension

Iron Deficiency and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Weight Management

Theories of Obesity

Eating Disorders

Weight-Management Strategies

Behavior Modification

Motivation

Goal Setting

To Refer or Not to Refer?

Good Things to Know

Helpful Internet Resources

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 14 Health Risk Appraisal and Physical Screening

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Health History

Risk Factor Assessment

Physician’s Consent

Additional Medical Concerns

Physical Screening

Health-Related Screening

Resting Heart Rate

Blood Pressure

Postural Assessment

Physical Fitness Screening

Body Composition

Cardiorespiratory Fitness

Muscular Fitness

Flexibility

Aquatic Fitness Assessments

Interpretation of the Health Risk Appraisal and Physical Screening Process

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 15 Exercise Behavior

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Exercise Dropout

Attributes and Psychology of Exercise Behavior

Exercise Adherence and Compliance

The Law of Cause and Effect

The Law of Attraction

Exercise Self-Efficacy

Locus of Control

Motivation

Personality and Exercise

The Transtheoretical Model

Exercise Dependency

Facilitating Behavioral Change

Behavioral Modification Strategies

Facilitating Exercise Knowledge

Summary

Review Questions

References

Chapter 16 Business Issues and Legal Considerations

Introduction

Chapter Objectives

Key Chapter Concepts

Labor Status and Business Structures

Employee

Independent Contractor

Sole Proprietorship

Partnerships

Limited Liability Company (LLC)

Corporations

Insurance

Risk Management

Standard of Care

Liability

Duty

Negligence

Informed Consent

Release and Waiver of Liability

Injury Report Form

Music Use in Fitness Programs

Americans With Disabilities Act

Summary

Review Questions

References