Authors: Siri Carpenter, Karen Huffman
ISBN-13: 9780470290477, ISBN-10: 0470290471
Format: Other Format
Publisher: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated
Date Published: November 2007
Edition: 1st Edition
Karen Huffman is a professor of psychology at Palomar College in San Marcos, California, where she teaches full-time and serves as the Psychology Student Advisor and Co-Coordinator for Psychology Faculty. Karen received the National Teaching Award for Excellence in Community/Junior College Teaching given by Division Two of the American Psychological Association (APA). She also was recognized with the first Distinguished Faculty Award for Excellence in Teaching from Palomar College, and an Outstanding Teaching award from the University of Texas at Austin. Karen's special research and presentation focus is in active learning and critical thinking, and she has presented numerous online web seminars and workshops throughout the United States, Canada, and Puerto Rico. Karen is the author of Wiley introductory psychology texts including, Psychology in Action and Living Psychology.
Siri J. Carpenter is a PhD in Psychology from Yale University. Her work has appeared in numerous publications, including Science, ScienceNOW, Reuters Health, The APA Monitor (the monthly magazine of the American Psychological Association), the APS Observer (magazine of the American Psychological society, World Book Science Year, and others.
Book Synopsis
This text provides a new, visually-oriented look into the field of psychology. Rather than offering an encyclopedic printed text, Visualizing Psychology presents a straightforward, logically intuitive approach to the subject. With the help of illustrations and graphics, the book brings complex concepts to life. Huffman also uses a user-friendly approach to engage the reader.
Table of Contents
Introduction and Research Methods 2
Introducing Psychology 4
What Is Psychology? 4
Origins of Psychology 6
A Brief History: Psychology's Intellectual Roots 6
What a Scientist Sees: The Biopsychosocial Model 10
Women and Minorities in Psychology 11
The Science of Psychology 12
The Scientific Method: A Way of Discovering 12
Ethical Guidelines: Protecting the Rights of Others 12
Research Methods 15
Experimental Research: A Search for Cause and Effect 16
Descriptive Research: Naturalistic Observation, Surveys, and Case Studies 18
Correlational Research: Looking for Relationships 20
Biological Research: Tools for Exploring the Brain and Nervous System 20
Getting the Most from Your Study of Psychology 24
Familiarization 24
Active Reading 24
Visual Learning 24
With Your Own Eyes: Improving Your Grade 26
Time Management 26
Distributed Study 27
Overlearning 27
Neuroscience and Biological Foundations 32
Our Genetic Inheritance 34
Behavioral Genetics: Is It Nature or Nurture? 34
Evolutionary Psychology: Darwin Explains Behavior and Mental Processes 36
Neural Bases of Behavior 37
How Do Neurons Communicate? 38
What a Scientist Sees: How Poisons and Drugs Affect Our Brain 41
Hormones: A Global Communication System 42
Nervous System Organization 44
Central Nervous System (CNS): The Brain and Spinal Cord 44
With Your Own Eyes: Infant Reflexes 47
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): Connecting the CNS to the Rest of the Body 47
What a Scientist Sees: Sexual Arousal 49
A Tour Through the Brain 50
Lower-Level Brain Structures: The Hindbrain, Midbrain, and Parts of the Forebrain 50
The Cerebral Cortex: The Center of "Higher" Processing 53
Two Brains in One? A House Divided 55
Stress and Health Psychology 62
Understanding Stress 64
Sources of Stress 64
How Stress Affects the Body 66
Stress and Illness 69
Cancer: A Variety of Causes-Even Stress 69
Cardiovascular Disorders: The Leading Cause of Death in the United States 69
What a Scientist Sees: Type A Personality and Hostility 71
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Disease of Modern Times? 72
Gastric Ulcers: Are They Caused by Stress? 72
Health Psychology in Action 74
Tobacco: Hazardous to Your Health 74
Alcohol: A Personal and Social Health Problem 76
With Your Own Eyes: Do You Have an Alcohol Problem? 77
Chronic Pain: An Ongoing Threat to Health 77
Health and Stress Management 78
Coping with Stress 78
Resources for Healthy Living: From Good Health to Money 80
Sensation and Perception 86
Understanding Sensation 88
Processing: Detection and Conversion 88
Adaptation: Weakening the Response 89
How We See and Hear 91
Waves of Light and Sound 91
Vision: The Eyes Have It 92
Hearing: A Sound Sensation 92
Our Other Senses 96
Smell and Taste: Sensing Chemicals 96
The Body Senses: More than Just Touch 97
Understanding Perception 99
Selection: Extracting Important Messages 99
With Your Own Eyes: Illusions 99
Organization: Form, Constancy, Depth, and Color 101
What a Scientist Sees: Perceptual Constancies 104
With Your Own Eyes: Color Aftereffects 106
Interpretation: Explaining Our Perceptions 106
States of Consciousness 114
Consciousness, Sleep, and Dreaming 116
With Your Own Eyes: Are You Sleep Deprived? 119
Stages of Sleep: How Scientists Study Sleep 119
Sleep Disorders: When Sleep Becomes a Problem 123
Psychoactive Drugs 126
Psychoactive Drugs: Four Categories 129
Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis 133
Meditation: A Healthy "High" 133
What a Scientist Sees: Meditation and the Brain 134
Hypnosis: Uses and Myths 135
Learning 142
Classical Conditioning 144
The Beginnings of Classical Conditioning 144
Fine-Tuning Classical Conditioning 146
Operant Conditioning 149
The Beginnings of Operant Conditioning 149
Reinforcement: Strengthening a Response 150
What a Scientist Sees: Partial Reinforcement Keeps 'em Coming Back 152
Punishment: Weakening a Response 153
Cognitive-Social Learning 156
Insight and Latent Learning: Where Are the Reinforcers? 156
Observational Learning: What We See Is What We Do 158
The Biology of Learning 160
Neuroscience and Learning: The Adaptive Brain 160
Evolution and Learning: Biological Preparedness and Instinctive Drift 161
Conditioning and Learning in Everyday Life 163
Classical Conditioning: From Prejudice to Phobias 163
With Your Own Eyes: Classical Conditioning as a Marketing Tool 164
Operant Conditioning: Prejudice, Biofeedback, and Superstition 164
Cognitive-Social Learning: We See, We Do? 166
Memory 172
The Nature of Memory 174
Four Models of Memory: An Overview 174
Sensory Memory 176
Short-Term Memory 177
What a Scientist Sees: Chunking in Chess 177
Long-Term Memory 179
Improving Long-Term Memory: Organization, Rehearsal, Retrieval 180
Biological Bases of Memory 182
Neuronal and Synaptic Changes in Memory 182
Hormonal Changes and Memory 183
Where Are Memories Located? 183
Biological Causes of Memory Loss: Injury and Disease 184
Forgetting 186
Theories of Forgetting 186
Factors Involved in Forgetting 188
Memory Distortions 189
With Your Own Eyes: A Memory Test 190
Memory and Eyewitness Testimony 191
Repressed Memories 192
With Your Own Eyes: Tips for Memory Improvement 193
Thinking, Language, and Intelligence 198
Thinking 200
The Thinking Brain: Making Connections 200
Cognitive Building Blocks 200
Solving Problems 202
Barriers to Problem Solving 202
Creativity: Finding Unique Solutions 204
With Your Own Eyes: Are You Creative? 204
Language 206
What Is Language? 206
Language and Thought: A Complex Interaction 206
Language Development: From Crying to Talking 207
Can Humans Talk to Nonhuman Animals? 209
Intelligence 211
Do We Have One or Many Intelligences? 211
Measuring Intelligence? 213
The Intelligence Controversy 216
Extremes in Intelligence: Mental Retardation and Giftedness 216
The Brain's Influence on Intelligence 217
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Intelligence 218
What a Scientist Sees: Family Studies of Intelligence 218
Ethnicity and Intelligence: Are IQ Tests Culturally Biased? 219
Life Span Development I 226
Studying Development 228
Theoretical Issues: Ongoing Debates 228
Research Methods: Two Basic Approaches 230
Physical Development 232
Prenatal and Early Childhood: A Time of Rapid Change 232
What a Scientist Sees: How an Infant Perceives the World 237
Adolescence and Adulthood: A Time of Both Dramatic and Gradual Change 238
Cognitive Development 242
Stages of Cognitive Development: Birth to Adolescence 243
With Your Own Eyes: Putting Piaget to the Test 246
Assessing Piaget's Theory: Criticisms and Contributions 248
Life Span Development II 254
Social, Moral, and Personality Development 256
Social Development: The Importance of Attachment 256
What a Scientist Sees: Attachment: The Power of Touch 257
Moral Development: Kohlberg's Stages 260
Personality Development: Erikson's Psychosocial Theory 264
How Sex, Gender, and Culture Affect Development 266
Sex and Gender Influences on Development 266
Cultural Influences on Development 270
Developmental Challenges Through Adulthood 272
Committed Relationships: Overcoming Unrealistic Expectations 272
With Your Own Eyes: Are Your Relationship Expectations Realistic? 273
Work and Retirement: How They Affect Us? 274
Death and Dying: Our Final Developmental Crisis 276
Motivation and Emotion 282
Theories and Concepts of Motivation 284
Biological Theories: Looking for Internal "Whys" of Behavior 284
With Your Own Eyes: Sensation Seeking 286
Psychosocial Theories: Incentives and Cognitions 287
Biopsychosocial Theories: Interactionism Once Again 287
Motivation and Behavior 289
Hunger and Eating: Multiple Factors 289
Achievement: The Need for Success 293
Sexuality: The World's Most Powerful Motive? 294
Intrinsic versus Extrinsic Motivation: Is One Better than the Other? 296
Theories and Concepts of Emotion 298
Three Components of Emotion 298
Four Major Theories of Emotion 300
Culture, Evolution, and Emotion 304
What a Scientist Sees: Polygraph testing 306
Personality 312
Trait Theories 314
Early Trait Theorists 314
The Five-Factor Model: Five Basic Personality Traits 314
With Your Own Eyes: Love and the "Big Five" 316
Evaluating Trait Theories 317
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theories 318
Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory: The Power of the Unconscious 318
Neo-Freudian/Psychodynamic Theories: Revising Freud's Ideas 322
Evaluating Psychoanalytic Theories: Criticisms and Enduring Influence 324
Humanistic Theories 325
Roger's Theory: The Importance of the Self 325
What a Scientist Sees: Congruence, Mental Health, and Self-Esteem 325
Maslow's Theory: The Search for Self-Actualization 326
Evaluating Humanistic Theories: Three Major Criticisms 327
Social-Cognitive Theories 328
Bandura's and Rotter's Approaches: Social Learning Plus Cognitive Processes 328
Evaluating Social-Cognitive Theory: The Pluses and Minuses 329
Biological Theories 330
Three Major Contributors to Personality: The Brain, Neurochemistry, and Genetics 330
The Biopsychosocial Model: Pulling the Perspectives Together 331
Personality Assessment 332
Interviews and Observation 332
Objective Tests 332
Projective Tests 334
Are Personality Measurements Accurate? 334
Psychological Disorders 340
Studying Psychological Disorders 342
Identifying Abnormal Behavior: Four Basic Standards 342
Explaining Abnormality: From Superstition to Science 342
Classifying Abnormal Behavior: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV-TR 344
What a Scientist Sees: Seven Psychological Perspectives on Abnormal Behavior 345
Anxiety Disorders 348
Four Major Anxiety Disorders: The Problem of Fear 348
Causes of Anxiety Disorders 350
Mood Disorders 352
Understanding Mood Disorders Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder 352
Causes of Mood Disorders: Biological versus Psychosocial Factors 353
Schizophrenia 354
Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Five Areas of Disturbance 354
Types of Schizophrenia: Recent Methods of Classification 356
Causes of Schizophrenia: Nature and Nurture Theories 356
Other Disorders 359
Substance-Related Disorders 359
Dissociative Disorders: When the Personality Splits Apart 360
Personality Disorders: Antisocial and Borderline 360
How Gender and Culture Affect Abnormal Behavior 362
Gender and Depression: Why Are Women More Depressed? 363
Culture and Schizophrenia: Differences Around the World 364
Avoiding Ethnocentrism 364
Therapy 372
Insight Therapies 374
Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic Therapies: Unlocking the Secrets of the Unconscious 374
Cognitive Therapies: A Focus on Faulty Thoughts and Beliefs 376
Humanistic Therapies: Blocked Personal Growth 378
With Your Own Eyes: Client-Centered Therapy in Action 380
Group, Family, and Marital Therapies: Healing Interpersonal Relationships 381
Behavior Therapies 383
Classical Conditioning Techniques 383
Operant Conditioning Techniques 384
Observational Learning Techniques 384
Evaluating Behavior Therapies 386
Biomedical Therapies 386
Psychopharmacology: Treating Psychological Disorders with Drugs 387
Electroconvulsive Therapy and Psychosurgery 388
What a Scientist Sees: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) 389
Evaluating Biomedical Therapies 389
Therapy Essentials 391
Therapy Goals and Effectiveness 391
Cultural Issues in Therapy 392
Women and Therapy 393
Institutionalization 394
Social Psychology 400
Our Thoughts about Others 402
Attribution: Explaining Behavior 402
Attitudes: Learned Predispositions toward Others 403
Our Feelings about Others 405
Prejudice and Discrimination 405
Interpersonal Attraction 408
What a Scientist Sees: Love Over the Life Span 410
Our Actions toward Others 411
Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience 411
What a Scientist Sees: What Influences Obedience? 414
Group Processes 416
Aggression 419
Altruism: Helping Others 420
Applying Social Psychology to Social Problems 422
Reducing Prejudice and Discrimination 422
Overcoming Destructive Obedience: When Is It Okay to Say No? 423
Statistics and Psychology
Answers to Self-Tests
Glossary
References
Credits
Name Index
Subject Index
Subjects