Tort and Regulatory Law »

Tort law interacts strongly with public regulations. Is the breach of statutory duty in itself a sufficient basis for liability? Does the fact that some acts are allowed by a permit issued by public agencies exempt the executors of such acts from liability altogether? These questions and similar problems on the borderline between tort and regulatory law serve as the basis for in-depth reports by several scholars specialised in this field. This book systematically analyses the interaction of administrative law and tort law. The focus is, in particular, on safety regulations and provisions aimed at environmental protection. This volume contains contributions on the legal aspects of tort and regulatory law in Austria, England and Wales, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Switzerland and the United States of America. Moreover, special reports on the perspectives of administrative and regulatory law as well as an insurance perspective and an economic analysis are included. The results are summarised in a comparative analysis, and conclusions of the subject are then drawn up.

Abbreviations     XIII
Introduction   Christa Kissling     1
The Problem     1
A Breach of Administrative Law Rules     2
Acting in Compliance with Administrative Law Rules     2
Compensation from Other Sources     3
Structure of the Book     3
Questionnaire     5
General     5
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     6
Fault-based Liability     6
Compensation from Other Sources     7
Some Cases     7
Country Reports     9
Tort and Regulatory Law in Austria   Meinhard Lukas     11
General     11
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     20
Fault-Based Liability     25
Compensation from Other Sources     29
Some Cases     31
Delikts- und Verwaltungsrecht in Osterreich   Meinhard Lukas     33
Allgemeines     33
Sicherheitsvorschriften und umweltrechtliche Normen     43
Verschuldenshaftung     47
Andere Haftungsgrundlagen     52
Einige Falle     53
Tort and RegulatoryLaw in England and Wales   Karen Morrow     57
General     57
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     79
Fault-Based Liability     82
Compensation from Other Sources     85
Some Cases     86
Tort and Regulatory Law in France   Philippe Billet   Francois Lichere     89
General     89
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     101
Fault-Based Liability     105
Compensation from Other Sources     109
Some Cases     110
Tort and Regulatory Law in Germany   Ulrich Magnus   Klaus Bitterich     115
General     115
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     128
Fault-Based Liability     135
Compensation from Other Sources     146
Some Cases     149
Tort and Regulatory Law in Hungary   Attila Menyhard     155
General     155
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     160
Fault-Based Liability     162
Compensation from Other Sources     165
Some Cases      166
Tort and Regulatory Law in Italy   Alberto Monti   Filippo Andrea Chiaves     171
General     171
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     177
Fault-Based Liability     179
Compensation from Other Sources     183
Some Cases     184
Tort and Regulatory Law in The Netherlands   Rob J.P. Kottenhagen   Pepita A. Kottenhagen-Edzes     187
General     187
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     192
Fault-Based Liability     196
Compensation from Other Sources     199
Some Cases     202
Tort and Regulatory Law in Norway   Bjarte Askeland     205
General     205
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     210
Fault-Based Liability     213
Compensation from Other Sources     217
Some Cases     218
Tort and Regulatory Law in Poland   Monika Jagielska   Grzegorz Zmij     223
General     223
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     236
Fault-Based Liability      241
Compensation from Other Sources     245
Some Cases     248
Tort and Regulatory Law in Spain   Pedro del Olmo     251
General     251
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     264
Fault-Based Liability     280
Compensation from Other Sources     286
Some Cases     287
Tort and Regulatory Law in Switzerland   Christa Kissling     295
General     295
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     308
Fault-Based Liability     313
Compensation from Other Sources     318
Some Cases     321
Tort and Regulatory Law in the United States of America   Marshall S. Shapo     329
Essay     329
The Problem     329
Breach of Rules     330
Compliance with Rules     335
Compensation from Other Sources     342
Appendix - Answers to the Questionnaire     346
General     346
Safety Regulations and Provisions Aiming at Environmental Protection     349
Fault-Based Liability     350
Compensation from Other Sources     351
Some Cases     352
Special Reports     355
Administrative Tort in Italian Law: Liability of Public Administrations and Diligence of Private Individuals   Fabrizio Fracchia     357
Administrative Liability in Italian Law: An Overview     357
Cassazione Decision of 22 July 1999, No. 500     359
From Tort Law to Contractual Liability     360
Tort Law and Non-Performance of Obligations: The Problem of Fault     361
Why Should Fault be Provided?     364
Liability and Reduction of Inefficiency, Disorganisation and Illegality     365
Liability for the Conduct of Another Person (Vicarious Liability)     367
How to Detect Negligence (and to Find the Individual Liability) with Regard to a Procedural Activity Performed in a Complex Organization     368
Case Law and Responsibility Selectors     369
The Problem of the Organizational Defects     373
The Court of Justice and the Onus of Proving Fault     374
The Relationship Between Regulation and Tort Law: Goals and Strategies   Anthony Ogus     377
Introduction     377
The Goals of Regulation and Tort Law     377
Inducing Optimal Care: Sanctions Regimes     379
Inducing Optimal Care: Pricing Regimes      381
Rationalising the Use of Tort and Regulatory Law     384
Overlaps and Divergences Between Tort and Regulation     386
Conclusions     389
Regulatory Law and Insurance   Ina Ebert   Christian Lahnstein     391
General Aspects     391
Specific Issues     393
Economic Analysis of Tort and Regulatory Law   Michael Faure     399
Introduction     399
Differences Between Tort Law and Regulation     400
Criteria for Safety Regulation     403
The Need to Regulate Environmental Pollution     405
Safety Regulation in Practice     407
Instruments of Deregulation?     408
Liability and Regulation: Exclusivity?     409
Violation of Regulation and Liability     410
Compliance with Regulation and Liability     411
Summary     415
Comparative Analysis and Conclusions     417
On the Intersection Between Tort Law and Regulatory Law - A Comparative Analysis   Willem H. van Boom     419
Introduction     419
General Remarks on the Interplay Between Regulatory Law and Tort Law     422
Liability Under Administrative Law as a Form of Interplay      427
Breach of Regulatory Law as a Wrongful Act     429
Who is Granted Protection Under Tort Law in the Case of a Breach of Regulatory Law?     431
Specific Consequences of Breach of Regulatory Law in Tort     433
Regulatory Compliance and Regulatory Permit as a Defence Against Liability     436
Safeguarding Compensation     439
Compensation in Cases of Lawful (Regulatory) Interference     441
Some Cases     443
The Function of Regulatory Law in the Context of Tort Law - Conclusions   Meinhard Lukas     449
Preliminary Remarks     449
Functional Differences Between Regulatory Law and Tort Law     452
Regulatory Law Grounds for Liability     455
How Regulatory Law May Exclude Liability     460
Particularities of Safety Regulations and Environment-Related Regulations     462
Concluding Remarks     463
Index     465
Publications     473