The Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Communication » (1st Edition)

This is a book about speech and language. It is primarily intended for those interested in speech and its neurophysiological bases: phoneticians, linguists, educators, speech therapists, psychologists, and neuroscientists. Although speech and language are its central topic, it provides information about related topics as well (e.g. structure and functioning of the central nervous system, research methods in neuroscience, theories and models of speech production and perception, learning, and memory). Data on clinical populations are given in parallel with studies of healthy subjects because such comparisons can give a better understanding of intact and disordered speech and language functions.

There is a review of literature (more than 600 sources) and research results covering areas such as neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, development of the nervous system, sex differences, history of neurolinguistics, behavioral, neuroimaging and other research methods in neuroscience, linguistics and psychology, theories and models of the nervous system function including speech and language processing, kinds of memory and learning and their neural substrates, critical periods, various aspects of normal speech and language processes (e.g. phonetics, phonology, syntax, semantics, reading), bilingualism, speech and language disorders, and many others.

Newcomers to the field of neurolinguistics will find it as readable as professionals will because it is organized in a way that gives the readers flexibility and an individual approach to the text. The language is simple but all the technical terms are provided, explained, and illustrated. A comprehensive glossary provides additional information.

Foreword   Raymond D. Kent     xi
Preface     xiii
Central Nervous System     1
The Development of the Central Nervous System     1
Structure and Organization of the Central Nervous System     5
Sensation and Perception     24
Neural Bases of Speech Perception and Production     26
Hearing, Listening and the Auditory Cortex     26
Movement and Speech Production     30
Relationship Between Speech Production and Perception     34
Neighboring Location of Motor and Sensory Neurons     35
Multimodal Neurons     36
Parallel and Recurrent Pathways     37
Sex Differences     39
Structural Differences     39
Differences in Functional Organization of the Brain     40
Behavioral and Cognitive Differences     40
Brief History of Neurolinguistics from the Beginnings to the 20th Century     45
Research Methods     51
Clinical Studies     51
Studies of Split-Brain Patients     53
Cortical Stimulation     54
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)     55
Wada Test     55
Neuroradiological Methods     56
Computerized (Axial) Tomography-C(A)T     56
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)     56
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)     57
Recording of Activity     57
Electrophysiological Methods     58
Single-Unit or Single-Cell Recording     58
Electroencephalography (EEG)     59
Event-Related Potentials (ERP)     59
Cortical Cartography     60
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)     60
Radioisotopic Methods     61
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)     61
Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography (SPECT)     62
Ultrasound Methods     62
Functional Transcranial Doppler Ultrasonography (fTCD)     62
Summary     62
Behavioral Methods     63
Paper-and-Pencil Tests     64
Word Association Tests     64
Stroop Test     64
The Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST)     64
Priming and Interference     64
Shadowing     65
Gating     65
Dichotic Listening     66
Divided Visual Field     67
Dual Tasks     67
Summary     68
Aphasia Test Batteries     68
The Central Nervous System: Principles, Theories and Models of Structure, Development and Functioning     71
Principles     71
Hierarchical Organization     71
Parallel Processing     72
Plasticity     72
Lateralization of Functions     73
Theories and Models     73
Parallel or Serial Processing?     74
Localistic Models     75
Wernicke-Geschwind Model     76
Hierarchical Models     79
The Triune Brain     79
Luria's Model of Functional Systems     80
Jurgens' Model of Neural Vocalization Control     82
Modular Models     82
Cascade Models     84
Interactive Models     85
Connectionist Models     86
Neural Networks     86
Other Theories and Models     92
Motor Theory of Speech Perception     93
Analysis by Synthesis     94
Auditory Theory     95
Neural (Phonetic, Linguistic) Feature Detectors     95
Theory of Acoustic Invariance     95
The Cohort Theory     96
Trace Model     96
The Neighborhood Activation Model (NAM)     96
PARSYN     97
The Mirror-Neuron System     97
Lateralization and Localization of Functions     99
Lateralization of Functions     99
Verbal Versus Nonverbal and Language Versus Spatial Information     103
Analytic Versus Holistic Approach to Processing     107
Serial or Sequential Versus Parallel Processing     108
Local Versus Global Data Representation     109
High Frequencies Versus Low Frequencies     110
Categorical Versus Coordinate     113
Developmental Aspects of Lateralization     113
Neuroanatomic Asymmetries     119
Sensory Asymmetries     120
Motor Asymmetries     121
Asymmetries in Other Species     122
Factors Influencing Functional Cerebral Asymmetry     123
Localization of Functions     127
Lateralization and Localization of Emotions     134
Summary     137
Learning and Memory     139
Plasticity     139
Critical Periods     144
Types of Memory     149
Sensory Memory     149
Short-Term/Working Memory     150
Long-Term Memory      154
Neural Substrates of Memory     155
Speech and Language     161
Speech and Language Functions and Their Location in the Brain     163
Anatomic Asymmetries and Lateralization of Speech and Language     167
Split-Brain Patients     168
Healthy Subjects     170
Speech Production and Perception     172
Speech Production     172
Speech Perception     176
Phonetics and Phonology     179
Tone and Prosody     185
Lexical Level and Mental Lexicon     190
Word Recognition     195
Perceptual Analysis of Linguistic Input     197
Word Categories     199
Sentence Level: Semantics and Syntax     205
Discourse and Pragmatics     210
Reading     212
Writing     215
Calculation     216
Is Speech Special?     217
Language Specificities     220
Bilingualism     222
Speech and Language Disorders     229
Aphasia     231
Recovery of Language Functions: Functional Cerebral Reorganization     234
Agraphia and Alexia     237
Motor Speech Disorders      241
Dysarthria     241
Apraxia of Speech     242
Stuttering     243
Other Causes of Speech and Language Disorders     244
Schizophrenia     244
Epilepsy and Tumors     245
Right-Hemisphere Damage     246
Epilogue     249
Glossary     251
Appendix     295
References     299
Author Index     331
Subject Index     343