The Adolescent: Development, Relationships, and Culture » (13rd Edition)

For undergraduate courses in Adolescence and Adolescent Development

The Adolescent: Development, Relationships and Culture offers an eclectic, interdisciplinary approach to the study of adolescence, presenting both psychological and sociological viewpoints as well as educational, demographic, and economic data. This text discusses not just one theory on the subject, but many, and outlines the contributions, strengths, and weaknesses of each. The authors also take into consideration current and important topics such as ethnic identity formation, gender issues, the Internet, effects of single-parent families, etc.

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Table of Contents

FEATURES

PREFACE

CHAPTER 1 THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF ADOLESCENCE

APPROACHES TO STUDYING ADOLESCENCE

THE CHANGING FACE OF AMERICAN ADOLESCENCE OUR EVOLVING SOCIETY

CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS The Major Issues Facing the World’s Adolescents
THE EVOLVING PROLONGATION OF ADOLESCENCE EVOLVING COMMUNICATION AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES
The Internet Cell Phones
EVOLVING WORLD OF WORK AND CONSUMPTION
Longer Workdays Working Women Adolescent Employment Adolescent Consumption
EVOLVING EDUCATIONAL IMPERATIVES
Educational Attainment Embracing the New Technology Innovations in Career Education
EVOLVING FAMILY CONSTELLATIONS
Changes in Marriage and Parenthood Changes in Family Dynamics
THE EVOLVING SEXUAL LANDSCAPE
Positive Effects of the Sexual Revolution Negative Effects of the Sexual Revolution
EVOLVING SAFETY CONCERNS
Violent Crime Violence in Society
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Computer Games Violence in the Home Violent Deaths
UNDERSTANDING ADOLESCENCE: RESEARCH METHODS
Correlations True vs. Quasi-Experiments Research Designs that Measure Developmental Change
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Teens Who Kill Family Members

CHAPTER 2 ADOLESCENTS IN THEORETICAL CONTEXT
BIOLOGICAL VIEWS OF ADOLESCENCE
G. Stanley Hall: Sturm und Drang Arnold Gesell: Spiral Growth Patterns
PSYCHOANALYTICAL AND PSYCHOSOCIAL VIEWS OF ADOLESCENCE
Sigmund Freud: Individuation Anna Freud: Defense Mechanisms Erik Erikson: Ego Identity
COGNITIVE VIEWS OF ADOLESCENCE
Jean Piaget: Adaptation and Equilibrium Lev Vygotsky: Social Influences on Cognition
SOCIAL-COGNITIVE LEARNING VIEW OF ADOLESCENCE
Albert Bandura: Social Learning Theory
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Scaffolding in Course-Related Bulletin Boards Social-Cognitive Theory
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON ADOLESCENTS
Robert Havighurst: Developmental Tasks Kurt Lewin: Field Theory Urie Bronfenbrenner: Ecological Systems Theory Margaret Mead and Ruth Benedict: Anthropological Views
PERSONAL ISSUES When Do Adolescents Become Adults?
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT How Troubled Are Adolescents?

CHAPTER 3 ADOLESCENT DIVERSITY: SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS AND ETHNICITY ADOLESCENTS OF LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS
Limitations of Low Socioeconomic Status Cycle of Poverty and Deprivation
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Those Who Make It
MINORITY ADOLESCENTS
African American Adolescents Latino Adolescents Native American Adolescents Asian American Adolescents
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS An Example of Cross-Cultural Conflict — Chinese American Adolescent Dating
IMMIGRANTS AND REFUGEES
Southeast Asian Refugee Experience
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Comparison of Traditional Asian Values and Urban Industrial Values

CHAPTER 4 BODY ISSUES: PHYSICAL GROWTH AND HEALTH-RELATED BEHAVIORS

BIOCHEMICAL BASIS OF PUBERTY
The Hypothalamus The Pituitary Gland The Gonads The Adrenal Glands Sex Hormone Regulation in Males Sex Hormone Regulation in Females
MATURATION AND FUNCTIONS OF MALE SEX ORGANS
Spermatogenesis The Developing Penis
PERSONAL ISSUES Use of Steroids by Athletes The Cowper’s Glands Nocturnal Emissions
MATURATION AND FUNCTIONS OF FEMALE SEX ORGANS
The Developing Vagina Changes in the Vulva and Uterus Ovarian Changes Menarche and the Menstrual Cycle
PERSONAL ISSUES Stress, Family Discord, and Pubertal Timing Menstrual Concerns
DEVELOPMENT OF SECONDARY SEXUAL CHARACTERISTICS
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Menstrual Irregularity in Athletes Males Females In Their Own Words Results of Sexual Maturation
GROWTH IN HEIGHT AND WEIGHT
Growth Trends Determinants of Height Other Physical Changes
BODY IMAGE
Physical Attractiveness Body Types and Ideals
PERSONAL ISSUES Plastic surgery among Adolescents
EARLY AND LATE MATURATION
Early-Maturing Boys Late-Maturing Boys Early-Maturing Girls
Late-Maturing Girls HEALTH STATUS
Mortality
PERSONAL ISSUES Automobile Casualties Health Decisions Adolescent Health in the Third World
HEALTH CONCERNS
Nutrition Exercise Obesity In Their Own Words Sleep Acne

CHAPTER 5 COGNITVE DEVELOMENT: IMPROVEMENTS IN THINKING, REASONING, AND DECISION MAKING PIAGET’S STAGES OF COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
Sensorimotor Stage Preoperational Stage Concrete Operational Stage Formal Operational Stage
EFFECTS OF ADOLESCENT THOUGHT ON PERSONALITY AND BEHAVIOR
Idealism Hypocrisy Pseudostupidity Egocentrism In Their Own Words
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Is a Personal Fable Entirely a Bad Thing?
Introspection
CRITIQUE OF PIAGET’S THEORY
Age of Onset and Universality Beyond Formal Operations
WHAT CAN WE RETAIN FROM FORMAL OPERATIONS?
INFORMATION PROCESSING
Steps in Information Processing Processing Speed Higher-Order Thought Processes The Role of Knowledge
DECISION MAKING
The Process Barriers to Good Decision Making Risky Decision Making
EPISTEMOLOGICAL UNDERSTANDING
In Their Own Words
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT DURING ADOLESCENCE ASSESSING COGNITION
Theories of Intelligence Intelligence Testing Factors Influencing Test Results Uses and Misuses of IQ Tests
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Intellectually Different Adolescents
ACHIEVEMENT TESTS
The Scholastic Reasoning Test (SAT)

CHAPTER 6 SELF-CONCEPT, IDENTITY, ETHNICITY, AND GENDER SELF-CONCEPT AND SELF-ESTEEM
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT: Does This Generation Have Higher Self-Esteem?
Importance of Having a Good Self-Concept
PERSONAL ISSUES Perfectionism Self-Esteem Development of a Positive Self-Concept In Their Own Words Changes in Self-Concept during Adolescence
IDENTITY
Seven Conflicts Identity Status In Their Own Words Identity as a Process Ethnic Identity
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT The Effects of Maternal Ethnic Socialization on Sons and Daughters
GENDER
Biological Sex Cognitive-Developmental Theories Societal Influences Androgyny Gender in Adolescence

CHAPTER 7 THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL VALUES COGNITIVE-SOCIALIZATION THEORIES OF DEVELOPMENT
Piaget and Children’s Moral Development Kohlberg and Levels of Moral Development Gilligan and Sex Differences in Moral Reasoning In Their Own Words The Social-Cognitive Domain Approach to Moral Reasoning Moral Reasoning and Prosocial Behavior
FAMILY FACTORS AND MORAL LEARNING
The Family’s Role
EXTRAFAMILIAL INFLUENCES ON MORALITY
Peers Religion In Their Own Words Television
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Adolescents’ Views of Political and Human Rights
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Why Do We Like Scary Media?
Moral Education
PERSONAL ISSUES Academic Cheating in College

CHAPTER 8 RELATIONSHIPS WITH FAMILY MEMBERS PARENTING ADOLESCENTS
What Kind of Parents Do Adolescents Want?
Connection Trust Attachment Style Autonomy Regulation
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Is It OK to Mislead One’s Parents?
PERSONAL ISSUES Corporal Punishment
PARENT-ADOLESCENT TENSION
Differences in Outlook Focus of Conflict Variables Affecting Conflict Conflicts with Parents versus Conflicts with Peers Results of Conflict
RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER FAMILY MEMBERS
Adolescent-Sibling Relationships Relationships with Other Relatives
MALTREATMENT
Physical Abuse Sexual Abuse Incest Neglect

CHAPTER 9 DIFFERENT FAMILY PATTERNS
WITH WHOM DO AMERICAN ADOLESCENTS LIVE?
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Extended Families
DIVORCE AND ADOLESCENTS
Attitudes toward Divorce Short-Term Emotional Reactions Long-Term Effects
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Adolescent Children Raised by Gay and Lesbian Parents Factors Influencing the Effects of Divorce
SINGLE-PARENT/GRANDPARENT-HEADED FAMILIES
In Their Own Words Single-Parent Families Resulting from Parental Death In Their Own Words
EFFECTS OF BEING RAISED IN A ONE-PARENT FAMILY
Development of Masculinity/Femininity
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Single Fathers Influences on School Performance, Achievement, and Vocation
BLENDED FAMILIES
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Open and Closed Adoptions
PERSONAL ISSUES Stepparents versus Natural Parents
ADOPTED ADOLESCENTS

CHAPTER 10 BEING A MEMBER OF THE ADOLESCENT SUBCULTURE: ACTIVITIES AND INTERACTIONS WITH PEERS ADOLESCENT CULTURE AND SOCIETY ADOLESCENT SOCIETIES
Formal Systems Informal Systems
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Two Notable Youth Subcultures
THE DARKER SIDE OF PEER INTERACTIONS: BULLYING RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Cyberbullying
FRIENDSHIP
PERSONAL ISSUES Being Alone versus Being Lonely Loneliness Family and Peer Relationships Age Changes in Adolescent Friendships In Their Own Words
GROUP ACCEPTANCE AND POPULARITY
What Does It Take to Be Popular?
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Friendship Expectations Routes to Social Acceptance
HETEROSOCIALITY
Psychosocial Development Cross-sex Friendships Adolescent Love and Crushes Loss of Love
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Gay and Lesbian Adolescents’ Romantic Relationships
DATING
The Development of Dating Violence
NONMARITAL COHABITATION
Incidence Meanings Attached to Cohabitation Cohabitation versus Dating Cohabitation versus Marriage Effects on Subsequent Marriage
ADOLESCENT MARRIAGE
Trends and Incidence A Profile of the Young Married Reasons for Adolescent Marriage Adjustments and Problems Early Marriage and Education
MATERIAL CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENT CULTURE
Adolescents as Consumer Forces
PERSONAL ISSUES Adolescent Credit Card Debt Clothing Automobiles Cell Phones Computers and the Internet
PERSONAL ISSUES Internet Addiction
NONMATERIAL CONCERNS OF ADOLESCENT CULTURE
Slang Music

CHAPTER 11 SEXUAL BEHAVIORS CHANGING ATTITUDES AND BEHAVIOR
Premarital Sexual Behavior
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Adolescent Sexual Behavior in Preindustrial Societies Correlates Other Mutual Sexual Behaviors
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Just How Common Is Oral Sex?
Masturbation
SEX AND ITS MEANING
What Are Adolescents Seeking?
Sexual Pluralism Gender Differences in Sexual Ethics
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Hooking Up on College Campuses Sexual Aggression
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT The Nature of Rape
CONTRACEPTIVES AND SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES
Use of Contraceptives among Adolescents Why Contraceptives Are Not Used Should Adolescents Have Contraceptives?
Sexually Transmitted Diseases AIDS
PERSONAL ISSUES How Much Do You Know about AIDS?
UNWED PREGNANCY AND ABORTION
Incidence of Teen Pregnancy Causation Theories Pregnancy-Resolution Decisions Adolescent Mothers Adolescent Fathers
GAY AND LESBIAN YOUTH
Determinants of Sexual Orientation
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Gay Adolescents from Racial/Ethnic Minority Groups Adjustment In Their Own Words
SEX KNOWLEDGE AND SEX EDUCATION
Sources of Sex Information The Role of Parents
PERSONAL ISSUES Adolescent Sexual Folklore The Role of Schools

CHAPTER 12 EDUCATION AND SCHOOL TRENDS IN U.S. EDUCATION
Traditionalists versus Progressives Rise of Progressive Education Sputnik and After
1960s and 1970s
1980s
1990s Early Twenty-First Century
MIDDLE SCHOOLS
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Tracking
CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD SCHOOLS
Size Atmosphere Teachers Curriculum
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Japanese Education
PRIVATE VERSUS PUBLIC SCHOOLS ACHIEVEMENT AND DROPPING OUT
Enrollment Figures Who Drops Out and Why
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Factories of Failure?
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT School Violence Dropouts and Employment
PERSONAL ISSUES Is It Worthwhile to Get a College Degree?

CHAPTER 13 WORK AND VOCATION MOTIVES FOR CHOICE THEORIES OF VOCATIONAL CHOICE
Ginzberg’s Compromise with Reality Theory
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Developmental-Contextual Concepts Holland’s Occupational Environment Theory Lent ’s Social Cognitive Career Theory

PEOPLE INFLUENCING VOCATIONAL CHOICE
Parents Peers School Personnel
GENDER ROLES AND VOCATIONAL CHOICE RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Why So Few Women Scientists?
OTHER CRUCIAL DETERMINANTS OF VOCATIONAL CHOICE
Aptitudes and Special Abilities Interests
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS The School-to-Work Transition for American versus European Adolescents Job Opportunities Salary
SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS
Familiarity Social Status and Aspirations In Their Own Words Race/Ethnicity and Aspirations
YOUTH EMPLOYMENT
Working for Wages
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Work, Military, or College?
Volunteerism In Their Own Words
ADOLESCENTS AND UNEMPLOYMENT
Numbers of Unemployed Youths Causes of Unemployment
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS International Perspectives on Youth Employment
CAREER EDUCATION

CHAPTER 14 ADOLESCENT STRESS AND ALIENATION RUNNING AWAY
Classes of Runaways Reasons for Running Away
PERSONAL ISSUES Preventing Teens from Running and Finding Them When They Do Throwaways Life on the Street Help for Runaways Worldwide Scope
DEPRESSION AND SUICIDE
Depression Suicide
PERSONAL ISSUES Why Are Adolescent Girls More Likely to Be Depressed Than Adolescent Boys?
PERSONAL ISSUES Preventing Suicide
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT A Rapid Rise in Self-Mutilating Behavior In Their Own Words
EATING DISORDERS
Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia
JUVENILE DELINQUENCY
In Their Own Words Incidence of Delinquency Causes of Delinquency
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Conduct Disorder, ODD, and ADHD Juvenile Gangs The Juvenile Justice System
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT The Case That Changed Juvenile Court The Restorative Justice Movement

CHAPTER 15 SUBSTANCE ABUSE, ADDICTION, AND DEPENDENCY DRUG USE AND ABUSE
Physical Addiction and Psychological Dependency Patterns and Intensity of Drug Use Types of Drugs
PERSONAL ISSUES Ecstasy Frequency of Adolescent Drug Use Reasons for First Drug Use Demographic Differences Compulsive Drug Use Prevention and Treatment
CROSS-CULTURAL CONCERNS Substance Use by Native American Adolescents
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Families of Drug Abusers In Their Own Words
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Project DARE
TOBACCO AND SMOKING
Incidence of Tobacco Use Reasons Adolescents Start Smoking Effects of Cigarette Advertising
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT The Harmful Effects of Legal Drugs Reasons Adolescents Continue Smoking Smokeless Tobacco Keeping Adolescents from Starting
ALCOHOL AND EXCESSIVE DRINKING
Incidence of Alcohol Use Reasons for Drinking during Adolescence
PERSONAL ISSUES Drinking on College Campuses Adult and Peer Influences Physical Consequences of Alcohol Use Drinking in Young Adulthood
RESEARCH HIGHLIGHT Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism
PERSONAL ISSUES Adolescent Children of Alcoholic Parents

EPILOGUE

POSITIVE YOUTH DEVELOPMENT

EMERGING ADULTHOOD

YOUNG ADULTHOOD

GLOSSARY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

PHOTO CREDITS

INDEX