Speech to Print: Language Essentials for Teachers: » (2nd Edition)

One of the most popular and influential reading textbooks of the past 10 years gets a comprehensive update in this highly anticipated second edition, straight from renowned NCTQ-recommended expert Louisa Moats. Updated meticulously with the very latest research, the new edition of this bestselling text helps elementary educators grasp the structure of written and spoken English, understand how children learn to read, and apply this foundational knowledge as they deliver explicit, high-quality literacy instruction.

With extensive updates and enhancements to every chapter, the new edition of Speech to Print fully prepares today's literacy educators to teach students with or without disabilities. Teachers will get

• in-depth explanation of how the book aligns with the findings of current scientific research on reading, language, and spelling
  
  
• expanded information on the critical elements of language, including orthography, morphology, phonetics, phonology, semantics, and syntax
  
  
• new and improved exercises teachers can use to test and reinforce their own knowledge of language content
  
  
• teaching activities that help teachers connect what they learn in their coursework with what they'll be doing in the classroom
  
  
• new chapter objectives that make it easier to plan courses and review key concepts
  
  
• more samples of student writing to help teachers correctly interpret children's mistakes
  
  
• expanded sample lesson plans that incorporate the language concepts in the book
  
  
• a cleaner, easier-to-navigate layout

A core textbook for every preservice course on reading instruction, this accessible text is also perfect for use in inservice professional development sessions. Educators will have the knowledge they need to recognize, understand, and resolve their students' reading and writing challenges—and improve literacy outcomes for their entire class.

About the Author xi

Acknowledgments xiii

Chapter 1 Why Study Language? 1

The Missing Foundation in Teacher Education 2

Language and Literacy 2

The Development and Complexity of Language 4

Reading Is Difficult for Many People 5

A Research Consensus About Language and Reading 6

How Reading and Spelling Develop 11

Skillful Teaching Prevents Most Reading Problems 15

Teaching Reading Is Complex and Challenging 15

Principles of Effective Teaching of Reading, Spelling, and Writing 16

Brief Survey of Language Knowledge 20

Comprehensive Survey of Language Knowledge 22

Chapter 2 Phonetics: The Sounds in Speech 25

Why Start with Speech Sounds? 26

Becoming Multilinguistic 26

Counting Phonemes 27

Why Phonemes Are Elusive 27

Speech Sound Identification 29

Phonetic Transcription 30

Summary 43

Chapter 3 Phonology: Speech Sounds in Use 47

Sequences, Syllables, and Stress 49

Aspects of Phonological Processing 54

Phonemes and Minimal Pairs 59

Phonetic Variation and Allophones 60

Systematic Variation in Speech Sound Production 62

Teaching Phonological Awareness-General Principles 70

Sample Activities for Preschool or Beginning Kindergarten Level 70

Sample Activities for First-Grade and Older Students 72

Summary 75

Chapter 4 The Structure of English Orthography 79

A Brief History of Writing 80

Meaning and Sound 82

Anglo-Saxon, Latin, and Greek Layers in English Orthography 83

Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences in English 91

Orthographic Conventions 102

Summary 111

Chapter 5 Morphology 117

Why Morphology Is Important for Reading and Spelling 118

Morphemes: The Smallest Meaningful Units 119

Individual Differences in Using Derivational Morphology 139

Derivational Morphology: Principles of Instruction 141

Classroom Activities 146

Chapter 6 Syntax: How Sentences Work 153

Correct or Incorrect Syntax? 154

Natural Knowledge of Syntax 155

Evidence for Syntactic Structures 157

Parts of Sentences 158

How Sentences Grow 165

Transformations 167

Teaching Sentence Structure 169

Summary 171

Chapter 7 Semantics: Word and Phrase Meanings 175

Aspects of Word Meaning 176

Phrase and Sentence Meaning 184

Noun Phrases 185

Pragmatics: Making Sense in Context 190

Reference in Discourse 191

Teaching Vocabulary and Other Aspects of Meaning 192

Summary 194

Chapter 8 Language and Reading Instruction 199

The Prealphabetic Learner 201

Early Alphabetic to Later Alphabetic Phases (Ages 5-7) 203

A Spelling-Decoding Continuum for Elementary Instruction 209

Example Lesson 1: Introducing Letter-Sound Correspondence to a Novice Reader 211

Example Lesson 2: Working with Suffixes 213

Example Lesson 3: Oral Reading for Fluency 214

Case Studies 215

Summary: The Power of Instruction 222

References 223

Appendix A Developmental Spelling Inventories 233

Directions for Administering the Spelling Inventories 233

Primary Spelling Inventory-Individual Score Sheet 236

Elementary Spelling Inventory-Individual Score Sheet 238

Appendix B Answer Key 241

Appendix C Glossary 271

Index 283