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Pasteur's Quadrant; Basic Science and Technological Innovation »

Authors: Donald E. Stokes
ISBN-13: 9780815781776, ISBN-10: 0815781776
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Brookings Institution Press
Date Published: September 1997
Edition: (Non-applicable)

Author Biography: Donald E. Stokes

Book Synopsis

The author recasts the widely accepted view of the tension between scientific understanding and use and builds a convincing case that by recognizing the importance of use-inspired basic research, we can frame a new contract between science and government.

1	Stating the Problem	1
	Forging the Postwar Paradigm	2
	The Concepts of Basic and Applied Research	6
	Static and Dynamic Forms of the Paradigm	9
	The Experience of Science	12
	Science and Technology	18
	Who Reaps the Technological Harvest from Science?	23
	A Paradox in the History of Ideas	24
2	The Rise of the Modern Paradigm	26
	The Ideal of Pure Inquiry in Classical Times	27
	The Ideal of the Control of Nature in Early Modern Science	30
	Institutionalizing the Separation of Pure from Applied in Europe	34
	Institutionalizing the Separation of Pure from Applied in America	38
	Reinforcing the Separation: American Science in the Aftermath of World War II	45
	The Reception of Bush's Plan	50
3	Transforming the Paradigm	58
	Early Dissents	59
	Official Reporting Categories	64
	Expanding the Dimensional Image	70
	Probing the Framework	75
	Rethinking the Dynamic Paradigm	84
	Implications for Policy	89
4	Renewing the Compact between Science and Government	90
	Collapse of the Postwar Bargain	91
	The Opening for Renewal	96
	Strengthening the Case for Pure Research	99
	Capturing the Benefit in Technology	104
	Institutionalizing a New Compact	106
5	Basic Science and American Democracy	111
	Recognizing Scientific Promise and Social Value at the Project Level	113
	Linking Scientific Promise to Social Value at the Wholesale Level	121
	Evaluating the NIH Model	137
	Linking Scientific Judgment with Political Authority	142
	Notes	153
	Index	174