Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: A History with Documents » (7th Edition)

CHARLES D. SMITH is professor of Middle East history in the Department of Near Eastern Studies, University of Arizona. He has held numerous grants for research in the Middle East, was a Fulbright scholar in Egypt, and served as a member of the Institute for Advanced Studies at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. He has published scholarly articles on many topics, including Egyptian Islam, Anglo-French imperialism in the Middle East, and nationalism and identity. Author of Islam and the Search for Social Order in Modern Egypt, he is currently writing a study of Anglo-French relations and European imperial goals in the Middle East during World War I.

Palestine and the Arab-Israeli Conflict provides a comprehensive, balanced, and accessible introduction to the multi-faceted history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Smith’s widely respected analysis examines how underlying issues, group motives, religious and cross-cultural clashes, diplomacy and imperialism, and encroaching modernity shaped this volatile region. The book’s narrative and supporting documents, maps, photographs, and chronologies consider high and low politics with perspectives from all sides of the struggle, while the final chapters include the latest developments.

Booknews

The intense emotions generally aroused by this conflict are avoided here in a remarkably even-handed analysis, ideal for undergraduates as well as the lay reader, and now supplemented with photos, original documents for each chapter, and updated to include the second Oslo Accord of 1995 and talks through the year 2000. Smith (Middle East history, U. of Arizona) holds that a better understanding of the conflict is achieved when its historical background is known. To this end, the text provides an overview of Palestine's earliest history, then devotes chapters to Ottoman society, the origins of Zionism, WWI and the peace settlements that followed, the British Mandate, WWII and the creation of the state of Israel. The remaining half of the book details the subsequent Arab-Israeli conflict. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

Working Table of Contents

[Accurate for Prologue-Ch.10; Ch11 and Epilogue are tentative. Items in brackets—C-heads and Notes—will not set in final front matter.]

Preface

List of Photos and Maps

PROLOGUE. THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE: THE MIDDLE EAST AND PALESTINE TO 1517

ANCIENT ISRAEL AND PALESTINE TO THE COMING OF ISLAM
     Political Fragmentation And Rebellion To The Roman Period
     Palestine Under Roman And Byzantine Rule THE ARABS AND THE SPREAD OF ISLAM
     Islam and Its Relationship To Judaism and Christianity PALESTINE UNDER MUSLIM RULE TO 1517
CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]

1. OTTOMAN SOCIETY, PALESTINE, AND THE ORIGINS OF ZIONISM, 1516-1914
COMMERCIAL RELATIONS AND MILITARY DECLINE, 1500-1800

REGIONAL STRIFE, IMPERIAL INTERVENTIONS, AND OTTOMAN RETRACTION, 1800-1914

OTTOMAN SOCIETY IN AN AGE OF REFORM 

EUROPEAN INROADS AND COMMUNIAL TENSIONS TO MID-CENTURY

PALESTINE IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
 Changing Patterns: Trade, Land, Agriculture, and Population
         [Palestinian Notables and Absentee Landowners]
         [Palestinian Agricultural Productivity]
         [Tourists and Immigrants]
         [Population and Identity]
ZIONISM: ITS ORIGINS AND DEVELOPMENT TO 1914
 The Jews of Western Europe
 Eastern European Jewry and the Rise of Zionism
         [The Origins of Zionism]
         [Bilu and Hibbat Zion]
 Theodore Herzl and the Zionist Movement to 1914
         [Herzl and the World Zionist Organization]
         [Militant Zionism: The Second Aliya]
THE ARAB RESPONSE TO ZIONISM
 Ottoman Policies and Jewish Land Purchases
 Growing Apprehension: Palestine and the Arab World CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 1.1 Working-Class Conditions, 1838 and 1873—Greater Syria
DOCUMENT 1.2 The Islahat Fermani [Hatti Humayoun] of February 1856
DOCUMENT 1.3 Theodor Herzl, Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State), 1896
DOCUMENT 1.4 Theodor Herzl, “Who Fears a State?” from Die Welt, February 18, 1898
DOCUMENT 1.5 The Basel Program, 1897

2. WORLD WAR I, GREAT BRITAIN, AND THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS, 1914–1921

WORLD WAR I: THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE AND THE EUROPEAN POWERS
 British Imperial Objectives
         [Gallipoli and Imperial Bargaining]
         [The De Bunsen Committee]
BRITAIN, THE ARABS, AND THE HUSAYN-MCMAHON CORRESPONDENCE, 1915–1916
 The Lure of an Arab Revolt
 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence: Defining the Terms
 McMahon’s Deception: The Roots of Arab Bitterness ANGLO-FRENCH INTERESTS AND THE SYKES-PICOT AGREEMENT
 Spheres of Control and Influence
 British Evaluation of Their Commitments BRITAIN, PALESTINE, AND THE BALFOUR DECLARATION
 Chaim Weizmann and British Politics
 British War Aims and Palestine
 Negotiating the Text GOALS VERSUS PROMISES: THE EUROPEAN POWERS, ZIONISM, AND THE ARABS,
1917–1918
 Reassuring Sharif Husayn
 Syria and “Self-Determination”
 Zionist-Arab Fears: The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement THE PEACE SETTLEMENTS AND THE MANDATE SYSTEM
 Faysal and the British-French Struggle for Syria
 Wilson, the League of Nations, and the Mandate System
 Postwar Crises and the Creation of Transjordan CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 2.1 The Husayn-McMahon Correspondence, July 1915–January 1916
DOCUMENT 2.2 Drafts and Final Text of the Balfour Declaration
DOCUMENT 2.3 The Faysal-Weizmann Agreement, January 3, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.4 Resolutions of the General Syrian Congress, July 2, 1919
DOCUMENT 2.5 Article 22 of the Covenant of the League of Nations, January 1920
DOCUMENT 2.6 The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922

3. PALESTINE BETWEEN THE WARS: Zionism, the Palestinian Arabs, and the British Mandate, 1920–1939

THE FIRST PHASE: HOPES FULFILLED AND DASHED, 1918–1920

POLITICAL LEADERSHIP IN THE PALESTINIAN-ARAB AND ZIONIST COMMUNITIES
 Palestinian Arabs and British Policies
                    [The Legislative Council Plans]
                    [Palestinian Arab Rivalries]
 Zionist Leadership in Palestine and Abroad
                    [Weizmann and the Jewish Agency]
                    [Palestinian Jews and Labor Zionism]
                    [Ben-Gurion Triumphs: Mapai and the Histadrut]
                    [Revisionist Zionism Challenges Labor]
        [Agudat Israel]
JEWS AND ARABS UNDER THE MANDATE: THE CLASH OF CONFLICTING ASPIRATIONS
 The Land Question
                    [Patterns of Land Ownership]
                    [Zionist Land Purchases]
                    [The Landless Arab Problem]
 The Conflict over the Western Wall, 1928-1929
 Investigations and Retractions: The Passfield White Paper EUROPEAN CRISES AND THEIR REPERCUSSIONS: YISHUV EXPANSION AND ARAB REBELLION
 The Arab Revolt: Its Roots and Impact on Palestine
                    [Zionism and the Arab Economy]
                    [Arab Factions Emerge]
                    [Al-Qassam and the Outbreak of Violence]
                    [The Peel Commission and Partition]
                    [The Second Stage of the Revolt]
                    [The Legacy of the Revolt]
BRITAIN RETHINKS ITS OBLIGATIONS: THE 1939 WHITE PAPER
 Palestine in British Strategy
 Partition Foiled: The Woodhead Commission
 The St. James Conference
 The 1939 White Paper GREAT BRITAIN AND PALESTINE ON THE EVE OF WORLD WAR II CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 3.1 The Churchill White Paper, July 1, 1922
DOCUMENT 3.2 Palestine Royal (Peel) Commission Report, July 1937
DOCUMENT 3.3 The 1939 White Paper

4. WORLD WAR II AND THE CREATION OF THE STATE OF ISRAEL, 1939–1949

PALESTINE, ZIONISM, AND THE WAR EFFORT, 1939–1945
 World War II and the Middle East
 Palestine: Jewish Immigration and the British Response
 The Jewish Division and the Question of Jewish Military Capabilities
 The Biltmore Conference and Its Consequences
 The White Paper, Partition, and Britain’s Place in the Middle East, 1942-1945
 Jewish Terrorism, the Hagana, and the British, 1940-1945
 Palestinian Arab Leadership and the Question of Arab Unity, 1939-1945
                    [Arab Society]
                    [Arab Nationalism and Regional Rivalries]
THE END OF THE MANDATE AND THE CREATION OF ISRAEL, 1945–1949
 The Middle East and Postwar Tensions: Origins of the Cold War
 Anglo-American Perspectives on Palestine
 Great Britain, the United States, and Zionism, July 1945-February 1947
                    [British Aims and Zionist Resistance]
                    [The Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry]
                    [The Morrison-Grady Committee]
                    [Zionist Terrorism, British Crackdown, and American Politics]
                    [Britain Abdicates: The London Conference, February 1947]
 UNSCOP and United Nations’ Ratification of Partition, February-November 1947
                    [The UNSCOP Committee Hearings and Recommendations]
                    [Palestine Partitioned: The U.N. Debate]
 The Battle for Palestine/Israel, December 1947-May 1948
                    [Arab-Zionist Strife Erupts]
                    [American Policy in Disarray]
                    [Dayr Yasin and the Palestinian Refugees]
                    [Ben-Gurion Proclaims the State of Israel]
 The Arab Israeli Wars and the Armistices, 1948-1949
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 4.1 The “Final Solution”: Nazi Extermination of European Jewry
DOCUMENT 4.2 UNSCOP’s Plan of Partition with Economic Union
DOCUMENT 4.3 Jamal al-Husayni, Testimony on Palestinian Arab Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, September 29, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.4 Rabbi Hillel Silver, Testimony on Zionist Reaction to the UNSCOP Proposals, October 2, 1947
DOCUMENT 4.5 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, May 14, 1948
DOCUMENT 4.6 King Abdullah’s Offer to the Zionists, May 1948

5. THE BEGINNING OF THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT: The Search for Security, 1949–1957

ISRAEL, THE ARAB STATES, AND THE PALESTINIAN/ISRAELI ARABS: 1949–1954
 Israel: Government, Citizenship, and the Law
 Israeli Arabs: Dispossession and Isolation
 The Palestinian Refugees
 The Western Allies, Israel, and the Arab-Israeli Conflict
 Israeli Views of Arabs and the World
                    [Ben-Gurionist Activism]
                    [Moshe Sharett and the Activists]
 The Arab States: Domestic Turmoil and Regional Rivalries
                    [Arab Rivalries and the Struggle for Syria]
                    [Nasser and the 1952 Egyptian Revolution]
THE COLD WAR AND THE MIDDLE EAST: LOOKING FOR ALLIES, 1953–1955
 Containment and the Northern Tier Concept
 The Baghdad Pact
 Israel, the Lavon Affair, and the Gaza Raid
 The Gaza Raid and the Czech Arms Deal
 Israel and France Draw Closer
 Border Clashes and Blockade of the Straits of Tiran COUNTDOWN TO SUEZ: FAILED DIPLOMACY AND DREAMS OF EMPIRE, JANUARY–NOVEMBER 1956
 Carrots and Sticks: Projects and Peace Proposals
                    [Project Alpha and the Anderson Mission]
                    [Aswan Dam Project in Trouble]
 Nasser Nationalizes the Canal
 Invasion Plans Take Shape
 The Attacks and Their Aftermath CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 5.1 Letter on the Position of the Palestinian Refugees, November 17, 1949
DOCUMENT 5.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech Justifying Nationalization of the Suez Canal Company, July 28, 1956
DOCUMENT 5.3 Golda Meir, Speech to the United Nations General Assembly, March 1, 1957

6. FROM SUEZ TO THE SIX-DAY WAR, 1957–1967

THE STRUGGLE FOR SYRIA AND THE CREATION OF THE UNITED ARAB REPUBLIC, 1957–1958
 The United States, Syria, and the Cold War
 The United Arab Republic: Conflict and Significance LEBANON: POLITICAL STRIFE, CIVIL WAR, AND REGIONAL CRISIS, 1957–1958
 Maronite Catholics and Lebanese Political Alignments
 Lebanon’s Civil War and the Iraqi Revolution
 The Arab World in American Perspective: The Cold War Context INTER-ARAB AND ARAB-ISRAELI TENSIONS, 1958–1964
 Nasser Strives to Dominate Arab Politics
 Water Wars: Israeli-Syrian Clashes and the Arab Response
 The Palestine Question in Arab Politics: The Palestine Liberation Organization and al-Fatah
                    [PLO Initiatives and Arab Government Reactions]
                    [Fatah: Background and Policies]
                    [The Syrian-Fatah Alliance]
                    [Jordan Between Arab Radicalism and Israeli Retaliation]
ISRAELI POLITICS TO 1967
GREAT POWER RIVALRIES IN THE MIDDLE EAST TO 1967
 The United States between Israel and the Arabs
 Lyndon Johnson and Israel
 The Soviet Union and the Arab World THE CRISIS ESCALATES: MILITARY CLASHES, MISLEADING ASSURANCES, AND FAILED DIPLOMACY
 Syrian-Israeli Tensions and Threats
 The Egyptian Blockade of the Tiran Straits
 Israeli Debates: Eshkol and the Generals
 Israel Attacks: U.S. Assurances and the Pending Egyptian Peace Initiative THE SIX-DAY WAR: ISRAEL’S CONQUESTS AND AMERICAN EXPECTATIONS CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 6.1 Communiqué No. 1 from Headquarters of Asifa Forces (Fatah), January 6, 1965
DOCUMENT 6.2 Gamal Abd al-Nasser, Speech to Members of the Egyptian National Assembly, May 29, 1967
DOCUMENT 6.3 Abba Eban, Speech to the U.N. Security Council on Israel’s Reasons for Going to War, June 6, 1967

7. WAR AND THE SEARCH FOR PEACE IN THE MIDDLE EAST, 1967–1976

THE SEARCH FOR NEGOTIATING LEVERAGE, 1967–1971
 The Khartoum Conference
 Deliberate Ambiguity: Security Council Resolution 242
PALESTINIAN AGENDAS AND THEIR REGIONAL REPERCUSSIONS
             Jordan and the Palestinians
             Palestinian Factions and the PLO
             Lebanon, the Palestinians, and Israel WARS OF ATTRITION AND COLD WAR DIPLOMACY:  THE ROGERS PLAN
 Competing Agendas: Nixon Administration Rivalries and Middle East Policy
 Jordan and the Palestinians, August-September 1970
 The Jordanian Crisis: Regional and International Repercussions THE 1973 WAR AND ITS CONSEQUENCES
 The Arabs: Seeking Responses to Signals
 Israel and the Politics of Expansion: The Galili Document
 The 1973 War: The Chance for Diplomacy
                  [Kissinger’s Shuttle Diplomacy and the Partial Withdrawal Agreements]
                  [Israeli Politics and Regional Diplomacy]
 Tactics and Ultimate Intentions: The PLO and Israel, 1973-1977
                  [The Rabat Declaration: The PLO Debates Its Objectives]
                  [PLO Vacillation and Israel’s Reply]
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 7.1 U.N. Security Council Resolution 242, November 22, 1967
DOCUMENT 7.2 The Palestinian National Charter: Resolutions of the Palestine National Council, July 1–17, 1968; PLO Resolution on Security Council Resolution 242, June 1974
DOCUMENT 7.3 U.N. Security Council Resolution 338, October 22, 1973
DOCUMENT 7.4 Yasir Arafat’s Address to the U.N. General Assembly, November 13, 1974
DOCUMENT 7.5 Yosef Tekoah, Response to Arafat’s Address, November 13, 1974

8. LEBANON, THE WEST BANK, AND THE CAMP DAVID ACCORDS: The Palestinian Equation in the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1977–1984

THE LEBANESE CIVIL WAR AND ITS AFTERMATH, 1975–1978
 Roots of the Lebanese Conflict
 Arab Factions and Alignments vis-à-vis Syria and Israel
 U.S. Diplomacy and Regional Strife THE CARTER ADMINISTRATION AND CAMP DAVID,  JANUARY 1977–SEPTEMBER 1978
 Carter’s Failed Attempts to Restructure Negotiating Parameters
 The Road to Camp David, November 1977-September 1978
 Camp David Exchanges: The West Bank and the Gaza Strip
 The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty: The Carter Legacy THE REAGAN ADMINISTRATION AND THE ARAB-ISRAELI CONFLICT
 The Anti-Communist Crusade: The Middle East in Global Perspective
 West Bank and Israeli Arabs between Jordan and Israel, 1948-1977
                     [The West Bank Economy Under Israeli Control]
                    [Israeli West Bank Tactics and Domestic Politics]
                    [Israeli Arabs in the Israeli State]
 Sharon’s Vision: Israel, Israeli Arabs, and the West Bank, 1977-1982
 Begin and the West Bank after Camp David LEBANON: THE STRUGGLE FOR HEGEMONY
 The Phalange-Likud Alliance
 American Diplomacy and Its Impact
 The Israeli Invasion of Lebanon, August 1981-September 1982
                   [Sharon’s Plan for Lebanon and the PLO]
                   [U.S. Intervention and the Reagan Plan]
                   [Gemayel’s Assassination and the Sabra-Shatila Massacres]
 America’s Lebanon Policy, September 1982-February 1984
LEBANON POSTSCRIPT, 1984–2006
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 8.1 Platform of the Likud Coalition, March 1977
DOCUMENT 8.2 Anwar al-Sadat, Speech to the Israeli Knesset, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.3 Menachem Begin, Reply to President Sadat, November 20, 1977
DOCUMENT 8.4 A Framework for Peace in the Middle East Agreed at Camp David, September 17, 1978

9. FROM PARIAH TO PARTNER: The PLO and the Quest for Peace in Global and Regional Contexts, 1984–1993

PEACE GAMBITS, TERRORISM, AND POLITICAL STRIFE, 1984–1987
 Competing Agendas and Coalition Politics: Israel and the Jordanian Option
 Temporary Allies: The Husayn-Arafat Accord
 The United States and Israel: Cold War Calculations THE INTIFADA
 Roots of the Intifada
 The Gaza Strip
 Intifada: The First Two Years, December 1987-December 1989
                  [The Israeli Perspective]
                  [The Palestinian Response]
 The Intifada and Islamic Resistance
 The Intifada and International Politics, 1988-1991
                  [The PNC Declaration of Palestinian Independence]
                  [Shamir Strives to Derail Peace Efforts]
                  [Washington Discards Arafat]
THE FIRST GULF CRISIS
 The United States: Motives and Opportunities
 Arab and Israeli Reactions to the Gulf Crisis
 The Intifada, the Gulf Crisis, and the Negotiating Process DIPLOMACY AND CONFLICT: THE MADRID TALKS, OCTOBER 1991–SUMMER 1993
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 9.1 Communiqué No. 1 of the Intifada Issued by the Unified National Leadership, January 8, 1988
DOCUMENT 9.2 Leaflet No. 1 of the Islamic Resistance Movement (Hamas), January 1988

10. ISRAELI-PALESTINIAN/ARAB NEGOTIATIONS AND AGREEMENTS, 1993–1999

THE 1993 OSLO ACCORD
 The Terms
 Analysis of the Accord
 East Jerusalem and the Settlements THE POLITICS AND ECONOMICS OF VIOLENCE
 Economic and Diplomatic Inequalities
 Prelude to Oslo 2
OSLO 2 AND THE RABIN ASSASSINATION
 Terms of the Agreement
 The Rabin Assassination FROM RABIN TO NETANYAHU: THE PERES GOVERNMENT AND LIKUD’S VICTORY, NOVEMBER 1995–MAY 1996
THE NETANYAHU GOVERNMENT, JUNE 1996–JULY 1999
 Reciprocity and Confrontation
 The Hebron Agreement, January 1997
 Palestinian Communal Tensions and Charges of Corruption
 The Mashal Affair
 The Wye Memorandum and the Collapse of the Netanyahu Coalition
 Jewish Communal Strife: The Culture War Intensifies DOMESTIC AND REGIONAL REALIGNMENTS, DECEMBER 1998–JULY 1999
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY
[NOTES]
DOCUMENT 10.1 The Israeli-PLO Declaration of Principles, Washington, D.C., September 13, 1993
DOCUMENT 10.2 The Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement (Oslo 2) on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, September 28, 1995

11. Is the Two-State Solution Dead?: Camp David 2000, Palestinian Rebellion, and Israeli Unilateralism, 1999–2009

PRELUDE TO CAMP DAVID: JULY 1999–JULY 2000
THE CAMP DAVID TALKS: BACKGROUND AND CONTEXT WHAT HAPPENED AT CAMP DAVID? JULY 2000
 Initial Negotiating Positions
 Barak’s Proposal and Clinton’s Role
 Conflicting Interpretations SUBSEQUENT DIPLOMACY
 The Clinton Parameters
 The Taba Discussions, January 2001
THE SECOND INTIFADA
 The Initial Stage, September 2000-March 2001
 The Political Context of the Intifada: Bush, Sharon, and Arafat
 Intensified Conflict and the Suicide Bombings: The Israeli Barrier IRAQ AND THE NEOCONSERVATIVE VISION OF A U.S.-ISRAELI STRATEGIC ALLIANCE OFFICIAL AND UNOFFICIAL REPORTS AND PEACE EFFORTS, 2001–2005
 The Sharm al-Sheikh Fact-Finding (Mitchell) Committee
 The Rose Garden Address, June 2002
 The Road Map vs. the Rose Garden Address
 The Aqaba Summit, June 2003
 The Geneva Initiative, October 2003
THE ISRAELI DISENGAGEMENT PLAN
 The Disengagement Plan and Israeli Politics
 Hamas, Fatah, and the Peace Process: Conflict and Fragmentation
 Israel, Gaza, and Lebanon: Rockets, Hostages, and Political Ambitions, 2006-2009
THE ANNAPOLIS CONFERENCE, JIMMY CARTER’S PEACE MISSION, AND PRESIDENT BUSH’S SPEECH TO THE ISRAELI KNESSET: NOVEMBER 2007 – MAY 2008
EVENTS LEADING TO ISRAEL’S INVASION OF GAZA, DECEMBER 2008 
CONCLUSION QUESTIONS FOR CONSIDERATION CHRONOLOGY NOTES
DOCUMENT 11.1 “You’ll Miss Me Yet”: Interview with Marwan Barghouti, November 9, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.2 “The Urgent Thing, It Is to Unconditionally Disengage Ourselves from the Territories”: Interview with Ami Ayalon, December 22, 2001
DOCUMENT 11.3 Ariel Sharon’s Letter to George W. Bush Outlining the Disengagement Plan, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.4 President Bush’s Reply to Ariel Sharon’s Letter, April 14, 2004
DOCUMENT 11.5 Ariel Sharon’s Disengagement Plan: Key Principles, April 2004
DOCUMENT 11.6 Arab Peace Plan proposed by Saudi Arabia and adopted at Arab League Summit, Beirut, 2002
DOCUMENT 11.7 Remarks by Secretary Hillary Clinton, February 27, 2009

EPILOGUE
 
Glossary Selected Bibliography Index Chronology