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New-Dialect Formation: The Inevitability of Colonial Englishes »

Authors: Peter Trudgill
ISBN-13: 9780748618774, ISBN-10: 0748618775
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Edinburgh University Press
Date Published: September 2006
Edition: (Non-applicable)

Author Biography: Peter Trudgill

Peter Trudgill is professor of English Linguistics at Agder University College, Norway.

Book Synopsis

This book presents a controversial theory about the formation of new colonial dialects, examining Latin American Spanish, Canadian French, and North American English, with a special focus on Australian, South African, and New Zealand English.

	Preface
	The database
	Maps and vowel charts
1	Colonial dialects as mixed dialects	1
	Colonial Englishes	3
	Dialect contact and colonial dialects	7
	Monogenetic theories	7
	Dialect mixture - the consensus	11
	Social dialect mixture	14
	Regional dialect mixture	16
	Mixture and similarity	20
	The Southern Hemisphere Englishes	23
	Determinism in linguistic change	26
2	Colonial lag and Southern Hemisphere evidence for nineteenth-century British English	31
	The short vowels of nineteenth-century English	37
	The vowels of Kit, Dress and Trap	37
	England	37
	Scotland	38
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	42
	British evidence	44
	Trap	44
	Dress	45
	Kit	47
	Conclusion	48
	The vowel of Lot	48
	The long vowels of nineteenth-century English	49
	Closing diphthongs	49
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	50
	British evidence	51
	Mouth	52
	Price	52
	Goat and Face	52
	Face	55
	Goat	55
	Goose	55
	Fleece	59
	Conclusion	59
	The long monophthongs	59
	Start	59
	The Trap-Bath split	59
	The Bath set	61
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	62
	British evidence	62
	Start Backing	63
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	63
	British evidence	64
	The Thought-North-Force vowel	64
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	66
	British evidence	67
	The consonants of nineteenth-century English	67
	The phonology and phonetics of /r/	67
	Rhoticity	67
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	68
	British evidence	69
	The phonetics of /r/	69
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	71
	H Dropping	72
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	73
	British evidence	74
	The /hw/-/w/ Merger	77
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	77
	British evidence	77
	/l/	79
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	79
	British evidence	80
	T Glottalling	80
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	80
	British evidence	81
	Preglottalisation	81
	Southern Hemisphere evidence	82
	British evidence	82
3	New-dialect formation: Stage I - rudimentary levelling and interdialect development	83
	New-dialect formation	84
1	Mixing	84
2	Levelling	84
3	Unmarking	85
4	Interdialect development	86
5	Reallocation	87
6	Focussing	88
	Stage I	89
	Rudimentary levelling	89
	Interdialect development	94
4	Stage II - variability and apparent levelling in new-dialect formation	100
	Extreme variability	101
	Original combinations	103
	Intra-individual variability	105
	Inter-individual variability	106
	Apparent levelling	109
	The Threshold Rider	110
5	Stage III - determinism in new-dialect formation	113
	The survival of majority forms	113
	Non-southeastern features	116
	H Retention	116
	Absence of Glide Cluster Reduction	117
	Absence of Start Backing	117
	The Weak Vowel Merger	117
	Word phonology	120
	Southeastern features	121
	The short front vowels	121
	Diphthong Shift	121
	The rounded Lot vowel	122
	/a:/ in Dance	122
	Conclusion	123
	Reallocation	124
	Randomness and transmission in new-dialect formation	125
	Conclusion	127
6	Drift: parallel developments in the Southern Hemisphere Englishes	129
	The theory of drift	131
	Nineteenth-century changes already in progress	133
	Fronted and lowered Strut	133
	Nineteenth-century innovations	136
	Happy Tensing	137
	Glide Weakening	138
	The Nurse vowel	142
	Later innovations	145
	The Second Force Merger	145
	The Near-Square Merger	145
	The short front vowels again	146
7	Determinism and social factors	148
	Patterns of interaction	148
	Prestige	151
	Stigma	153
	Identity and ideology	156
	The new-dialect formation scenario	158
	Uniformity	160
	Complications	162
	The Founder Effect	163
	Conclusion	164
	References	166
	Index	177