Authors: Harold C. Sox, Keith I. Marton, Michael C. Higgins, Marshall A. Blatt
ISBN-13: 9781930513792, ISBN-10: 1930513798
Format: Paperback
Publisher: American College of Physicians
Date Published: November 2006
Edition: (Non-applicable)
Book Synopsis
This is a clearly presented, step-by-step guide to understanding how, through the processes of decision analysis, a physician can reach valid, reasoned conclusions about medical treatment despite possibly imperfect information about the patient.
Doody Review Services
Reviewer:Vincent F Carr, DO, MSA, FACC, FACP(Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences)
Description:This seminal book, originally published in 1988, has been republished, but not revised, by a new publisher, the American College of Physicians. The author acknowledges that there have been some changes in medical decision making since the initial publication, but that does not detract from this reissue. In fact, reading through this book emphasizes the accuracy and validity of the initial work, despite the time that has passed.
Purpose:The stated goals were for physicians and students to use the principles of probabilistic reasoning and expected-value medical decision making in day-to-day practice. Today, more than ever, this is a necessary step in providing cost-effective and safe medical care.
Audience:The audience includes every practitioner at every level, from the resident in training to the experienced attending and all levels in between, including physician-extenders. The author is one of the most respected practitioners and editors in medical literature in America.
Features:The author describes the process of developing a differential diagnosis, moves through probability theory, lands directly in the heart of the decision-making process, and resurfaces in a discussion of cost-effectiveness in managing medical care. The journey is made exquisitely and entertainingly effective and educational with its accessible text and "typical" patient-physician conversations. The figures, examples, and tables are superb, illustrating the statistical points of discussion. The index is most appropriate, and because the book is dated, the references are appropriate for the original publication date. The author states his intention to update the book upon retirement and hopefully this will occur. At the end of each section there are summaries, problems, and definitions of new words encountered in the chapter.
Assessment:Despite being a republication, this remains a highly valuable and educational book, with the vast majority of the information relevant to medical decision making in the current era. It deserves a place in every practitioner's library.
Table of Contents
Preface to the ACP Reprint VII
Preface to the 1988 First Edition IX
Introduction 1
How May I Be Thorough Yet Efficient When Considering the Possible Causes of My Patient's Problems? 1
How Do I Characterize the Information I Have Gathered during the Medical Interview and Physical Examination? 1
How Do I Interpret New Diagnostic Information? 5
How Do I Select the Appropriate Diagnostic Test? 6
How Do I Choose among Several Risky Treatment Alternatives? 6
Summary 7
Differential Diagnosis 9
Introduction 9
Learning from Observations of Skilled Clinicians 10
The Process of Differential Diagnosis 12
An Extended Example 22
Summary 25
References 26
Probability: Quantifying Uncertainty 27
Uncertainty and Probability in Medicine 27
Use of Persona! Experience to Estimate Probability 34
Use of Published Experience to Estimate Probability 52
Consideration of the Special Characteristics of the Patient When Estimating Probability 60
Summary 61
Problems 62
New Words in thisChapter 64
References 64
Understanding New Information: Bayes' Theorem 67
Introduction 67
Conditional Probability Defined 71
Bayes' Theorem 71
The Odds Ratio Form of Bayes' Theorem 75
Alternative Forms of Bayes' Theorem: The Tree and the 2 X 2 Table 80
Lessons to Be Learned from Bayes' Theorem 84
The Assumption of Bayes' Theorem 91
Interpreting a Sequence of Tests 93
Using Bayes' Theorem When Many Diseases Are Under Consideration 97
Summary 98
Problems 99
New Words in this Chapter 100
References 100
Measuring the Accuracy of Clinical Data 103
How Test Results Can Be Expressed as "Abnormal" and "Normal" 103
Measures of How Well a Test Discriminates between a Disease and All Other Conditions 106
How Test Performance Is Measured: A Hypothetical Case 113
Pitfalls of Predictive Value 115
Why Measures of Test Performance May Not Apply to Your Patient 116
Combining Data from Several Studies 128
Expressing Test Results as Continuous Variables 129
Summary 138
Problems 139
New Words in this Chapter 140
References 141
Derivation of the Method for Using the ROC Curve to Choose the Definition of an Abnormal Test Result 142
Expected Value Decision Making 147
Basic Concepts of Expected Value Decision Making 148
Decision Analysis: An Introductory Example 151
Summary 165
Problem 166
New Words in this Chapter 166
Measuring the Outcome of Care 167
Measuring the Patient's Preferences: Utility Assessment 168
Estimating the Expected Length of Life 182
Measuring How Well the Patient Is Able to Function 194
Satisfaction with One's State of Health 196
Using a Linear Scale to Express Strength of Preference 196
Summary 197
Problems 198
New Words in this Chapter 199
References 199
Axioms of Utility Theory 200
Decision Making When the Outcomes Have Several Dimensions 201
Assessing the Patient's Preferences for Outcomes with Several Dimensions 202
Measuring the Patient's Utility for a Period of Time in III Health: An Introduction 206
Assessing Preferences for the Length of Life 208
The Time Trade-Off Method 216
Measuring Preferences for Any Period of Time in III Health 220
Another Method for Adjusting Life Expectancy for the Quality of Life 225
Sources of Error in Utility Assessment 230
Last Words 232
Summary 232
New Words in this Chapter 233
Problems 233
References 236
Selection and Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests 239
Taking Action When the Consequences Are Uncertain: Principles and Definitions 239
Could a Diagnostic Test Change the Treatment of the Patient? 243
The Treatment Threshold Probability 246
The Decision to Obtain a Diagnostic Test 249
Setting the Treatment Threshold Probability 257
Taking Account of the Costs and Risks of the Test 270
A Clinical Case: Test Selection for Suspected Brain Tumor 274
Sensitivity Analysis 277
Choosing among Diagnostic Tests 280
Choosing the Best Combination of Diagnostic Tests 283
Summary 285
New Words in this Chapter 289
References 289
Bedside Decision Analysis 291
A Difficult Clinical Problem: Bleeding Esophageal Varices 291
Sensitivity Analysis 301
A Decision Problem in Which Three-Way Sensitivity Analysis Was Useful 309
Conclusions 314
References 315
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis 317
The Physician's Conflicting Roles: Patient Advocate, Member of Society, and Entrepreneur 317
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis: A Method for Comparing Management Strategies 319
Cost-Benefit Analysis: A Method for Measuring the Net Benefit of Medical Policies 328
Measuring the Costs of Medical Care 331
Summary 333
New Words in this Chapter 334
Problem 334
References 335
Test Characteristics 337
Life Table 373
Glossary 379
Answers to Problems 383
Index 399
Subjects