Language Files: Materials for an Introduction to Language and Linguistics » (10th Edition)

List of Symbols
Preface to the Tenth Edition     ix
Acknowledgments     xvii
Introduction     1
What Is Language?     2
Introducing the Study of Language     3
What You Know When You Know a Language     6
What You Don't (Necessarily) Know When You Know a Language     12
Design Features of Language     17
Language Modality     24
Practice     30
Phonetics     37
What Is Phonetics?     38
Representing Speech Sounds     40
Articulation: English Consonants     45
Articulation: English Vowels     54
Beyond English: Speech Sounds of the World's Languages     59
Suprasegmental Features     64
Acoustic Phonetics     69
The Phonetics of Signed Languages     79
Practice     87
Phonology     99
What Is Phonology?     100
The Value of Sounds: Phonemes and Allophones     101
Phonological Rules     109
Phonotactic Constraints and Foreign Accents     117
Implicational Laws     122
How to Solve Phonology Problems     127
Practice     134
Morphology     147
What Is Morphology?     148
Words and Word Formation: The Nature of the Lexicon     149
Morphological Processes     155
Morphological Types of Languages     163
The Hierarchical Structure of Derived Words     168
Morphological Analysis     172
Practice     176
Syntax     193
What Is Syntax?     194
Basic Ideas of Syntax     195
How Sentences Express Ideas     199
Lexical Categories     204
Phrase Structure     208
Tests for Structure and Constituency     216
Word Order Typology     221
Practice     223
Semantics     231
What Is Semantics?     232
An Overview of Semantics     233
Lexical Semantics: The Meanings of Words     235
Lexical Semantics: Word Relations     242
Compositional Semantics: The Meanings of Sentences     248
Compositional Semantics: Putting Words Together and Meaning Relationships     252
Practice     259
Pragmatics     267
What Is Pragmatics?     268
Language in Context     269
Rules of Conversation     273
Drawing Conclusions     279
Speech Acts     284
Presupposition     292
Practice     297
Language Acquisition     309
What Is Language Acquisition?     310
Theories of Language Acquisition     311
First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Speech Sounds and Phonology     319
First-Language Acquisition: The Acquisition of Morphology, Syntax, and Word Meaning     326
How Adults Talk to Young Children     333
Bilingual Language Acquisition     339
Practice     343
Language Storage and Processing     351
How Do We Store and Process Language?     352
Language and the Brain     354
Aphasia     360
Speech Production     365
Speech Perception     374
Lexical Processing     379
Sentence Processing     385
Experimental Methods in Psycholinguistics     390
Practice     393
Language Variation     405
What Is Language Variation?     406
Language Varieties     407
Variation at Different Levels of Linguistic Structure     414
Factors Influencing Variation: Regional and Geographic Factors     418
Factors Influencing Variation: Social Factors     427
Practice     434
Language Contact     443
What Is Language Contact?     444
Language Contact     446
Borrowings into English     451
Pidgin Languages     454
Creole Languages     460
Societal Multilingualism     463
Language Endangerment and Language Death     465
Case Studies in Language Contact     469
Practice     473
Language Change     481
What Is Language Change?     482
Introducing Language Change     483
Language Relatedness     486
Sound Change     492
Morphological Change     497
Syntactic Change     502
Semantic Change     505
Reconstruction: Internal Reconstruction vs. Comparative Reconstruction     508
Practice     516
Language and Culture     525
What Is the Study of "Language and Culture"?     526
Language and Identity     527
Language and Power     533
Language and Thought     538
Writing Systems      545
Practice     559
Animal Communication     565
How Do Animals Communicate?     566
Communication and Language     567
Animal Communication in the Wild     571
Can Animals Be Taught Language?     576
Practice     581
Language and Computers     585
What Is Computational Linguistics?     586
Speech Synthesis     587
Automatic Speech Recognition     592
Communicating with Computers     597
Machine Translation     603
Corpus Linguistics     607
Practice     610
Practical Applications     615
What Can You Do with Linguistics?     616
Language Education     617
Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology     620
Language and Law     622
Language in Advertising     625
Codes and Code-Breaking     631
Being a Linguist     637
Practice     639
Answers to Example Exercises     645
Glossary     649
Selected Bibliography     675
Language Index     685
Subject Index     689