Islam and Secularism in Turkey: Kemalism, Religion and the Nation State »

Umut Azak graduated in Political Science and International Relations at Bogazici University, Istanbul and after research at Sabanci University, Istanbul, completed her PhD at the University of Leiden. She has taught and researched at Sabanci University, the Centre for Non-Western Studies (CNWS) and the Department of Turkish Studies at the University of Leiden, in the Department of Arabic, Persian and Turkish Languages at the University of Utrecht and is a Fellow at the Institute for the Study of Islam in the Modern World (ISIM) at Leiden.

Kemal Ataturk's Republic of Turkey was set up in 1923 as a secular state, sweeping political, social, cultural and religious reforms followed. Islam was no longer the official religion of the state, the Sultanate was abolished and all Turkish citizens were declared equal without reference to religion. But though, in Azak's phrase, "secularism was the central tenet of Kemalism," fear of a resurgent, even fanatical, Islam, continued to haunt the state.

Azak's revisionist and original study sets out the struggle between religion and secularism but shows how Ataturk labored for an idealized "Turkish Islam" -- the "social cement" of the nation -- stripped of superstition and obscurantism and linked to modern science and positivist philosophy. "Turkish Islam" has retained its traditional forms in the modern state and Ataturk's Mausoleum dominates the capital and continues to inspire a popular, quasi-religious devotion.

List of Illustrations

Introduction 1

1 Reactionary Islam: The Menemen Incident (1930) 21

2 Turkish Islam: The Reform of Turkish Ezan (1932-33) 45

3 Turkish Islam Contested: The Ezan Debate and Secularism (1950) 61

4 Reactionary Islam as Violent Threat: The Malatya Incident (1952) 85

5 Reactionary Islam as Creeping Threat: Said Nursi and his Disciples (1959-60) 115

6 Turkish Islam Reappropriated: Alevism in Alliance with Kemalism (1966) 139

Conclusion 175

Notes 179

Bibliography 213

Index 231