Human Origins: What Bones and Genomes Tell Us about Ourselves » (New Edition)

ROB DESALLE is co-director of the Molecular Systematics Laboratories and curator of the Division of Invertebrate Zoology.IAN TATTERSALL is curator in the Division of Anthropology, both at the American Museum of Natural History in New York City.

Ever since the recognition of the Neanderthals as an archaic form of human in the mid-nineteenth century, the fossilized bones of extinct humans have been used by paleoanthropologists to explore human origins. These bones told the story of how the earliest humans-bipedal apes, actually-first emerged in Africa some 6 to 7 million years ago. Starting about 2 million years ago, the bones reveal that as humans became anatomically and behaviorally more modern, they swept out of Africa in waves into Asia, Europe, and finally into the New World.

Even as paleoanthropologists continued to make important discoveries-Mary Leakey's Nutcracker Man in 1959, Don Johanson's Lucy in 1974, and most recently Martin Pickford's Millennium Man, to name just a few-experts in genetics were looking at the human species from a very different angle. In 1953 James Watson and Francis Crick first envisioned the double helix structure of DNA, the basic building block of all life. In the 1970s it was shown that humans share 98.7 percent of their genes with the great apes-that in fact genetically we are more closely related to chimpanzees than chimpanzees are to gorillas. And most recently the entire human genome has been mapped-we now know where each of the genes are located on the DNA strands that make up our chromosomes.

In Human Origins: What Bones and Genomes Tell Us about Ourselves, two of the world's foremost scientists, geneticist Rob DeSalle and paleoanthropologist Ian Tattersall, show how research into the human genome confirms what fossil bones have told us about human origins. This unprecedented integration of the fossil and genomic records provides the most complete understanding possible of humanity's place in nature, its emergence from the rest of the living world, and the evolutionary processes that have molded human populations to be what they are today.

Human Origins serves as a companion volume to the American Museum of Natural History's new permanent exhibit, as well as standing alone as an accessible overview of recent insights into what it means to be human.

The Quarterly Review of Biology

. . . an authoritative and fun publication that will be accessible to anyone with even the faintest recollection of high school biology or any curiosity whatsoever about how we came to be the way we are.

Foreword 8

Preface 9

Chapter 1 Thinking About Our Origins 10

Chapter 2 Paleoanthropology 32

Chapter 3 What's in a Genome? 48

Chapter 4 Evolution and Human Origins 68

Chapter 5 The Place of Homo sapiens in the Tree of Life 90

Chapter 6 The Human Evolution Story 112

Chapter 7 Luck and Hard Work 138

Chapter 8 The Brain-The Key 166

Chapter 9 The Importance of Language 190

Epilogue: One in a Billion 202

Further Reading 210

Index 213