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Handbook of Acrylics for Submersibles, Hyperbaric Chambers, and Aquaria »

Authors: Jerry D. Stachiw
ISBN-13: 9781930536159, ISBN-10: 1930536151
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Best Publishing Company
Date Published: December 2003
Edition: (Non-applicable)

Author Biography: Jerry D. Stachiw

Book Synopsis

This reference summarizes theories, test data, and work experiences in the design, fabrication, and operation of acrylic plastic viewports in submersibles, hyperbaric chambers, and aquaria, and will help readers solve practical engineering problems in the design of pressure resistant acrylic plastic viewports in the entire pressure range. Useful for engineers, designers, operators, and inspectors of pressure vessels, the book covers everything from materials, bonding techniques, deterioration of acrylic material, and surface finishes to design and test of acrylic structures and safety factors. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR

Booknews Inc.

1.0	The Quest for Panoramic Vision Underwater
1.1	Introduction	1
1.2	Bathysphere	2
1.3	Trieste	3
1.4	Multiple Window Installations	5
1.5	Submersibles without Viewports for Direct Use	5
1.6	Panoramic Windows	7
1.7	Acrylic Plastic Submersibles	9
1.8	In Addition to Submersibles	16
1.9	Summary	17
	References	19
	Figures 1.1-1.30	21
2.0	Introduction to Acrylic Plastic
2.1	Introduction to Plastics	41
2.2	Introduction to Acrylic	42
2.3	Manufacture of Acrylic Monomer	42
2.4	Acrylic Polymerization	43
2.5	Modification of Acrylic	45
2.6	Conversion of Acrylic Resin	46
2.7	Acrylic Properties	48
2.8	Comparison of Acrylics	52
2.9	Chemical Resistance	56
2.10	Products Made from Acrylics	57
2.11	Design Considerations	59
2.12	Thermoforming Acrylic	59
2.13	Machining Acrylic	61
2.14	Sanding, Polishing and Cleaning Acrylic	65
2.15	Surface Castings and Texturing	66
2.16	Joining Acrylics	66
2.17	Lamination	68
2.18	Summary	68
	Figures and Tables	44
3.0	Sources of Window Design Data
3.1	Introduction	71
3.2	Evaluation of Structures	72
3.3	Evaluation of Material	81
	Figures 3.1-3.28	88
4.0	Structural Properties of Monolithic Cast Acrylic Plastic
4.1	Introduction	105
4.2	Plastic Design Considerations	106
4.3	Short-Term Mechanical Properties	111
4.4	Long-Term Mechanical Properties	117
4.5	Design Criteria	125
	References	128
	Figures 4.1-4.62	129
5.0	Acrylic Aquaria Enclosures
5.1	Evaluation of Transparent Construction Materials	165
5.2	Selection of Acrylic Material for Aquaria	169
5.3	Inclusions	171
5.4	Design Parameters	176
5.5	Calculation of Stresses	179
5.6	Prediction of Critical Pressure	181
5.7	Structural Performance	184
5.8	Seating	186
5.9	Fabrication of Panels	187
5.10	Surface Care	189
5.11	QC Inspection Procedures for New Panels	192
5.12	Joining Techniques	192
5.13	Typical Aquaria Installations	193
5.14	Samples of Installations with Discussion of the Uniqueness of Each	194
5.15	Conclusion	197
	Figures 5.1-5.31	199
Appendix A	Typical Specification for Acrylic Aquarium Windows	217
6.0	Pressure-Resistant Windows
6.1	Introduction	221
6.2	Window Classification	222
6.3	Summary	224
	Figures 6.1-6.6	226
7.0	Plane Disc Windows With Flat Bearing Surfaces
7.1	Introduction	231
7.2	Structural Performance	232
7.3	Modes of Failure	232
7.4	Prediction of Critical Pressure	233
7.5	Seating	236
7.6	Fabrication of Windows	238
7.7	Resistance to Impulse and Point-Impact Loading	239
7.8	Conclusion	240
	References	241
	Figures 7.1-7.27	242
8.0	Plane Rectangular Windows
8.1	Introduction	262
8.2	Structural Performance	262
8.3	Mode of Failure	262
8.4	Prediction of Critical Pressures	262
8.5	Seating	265
8.6	Fabrication	267
8.7	Resistance to Impulse and Point Loading	268
8.8	Conclusion	268
	References	270
	Figures 8.1-8.9	271
9.0	Conical Frustum Windows
9.1	Introduction	277
9.2	Structural Performance	278
9.3	Modes of Failure	279
9.4	Prediction of Critical Pressures	290
9.5	Seating of Windows	295
9.6	Fabrication	301
9.7	Resistance to Impulse and Point Loading	302
9.8	Nonstandard Conical Frustums	306
9.9	Window Design	306
9.10	Conclusion	309
	References	310
	Figures 9.1-9.58	311
Appendix A	Window Design Procedure	369
Appendix B	Short-Term Critical Pressures and Displacement of Conical Frustums	375
Appendix C	Displacement of Conical Frustum Windows Under Long-Term Pressure Loading	387
10.0	Plane Disc Windows with Twin Conical Bearing Surfaces
10.1	Introduction	401
10.2	Structural Performance	402
10.3	Modes of Failure	403
10.4	Critical Pressures	404
10.5	Seating	408
10.6	Sealing	408
10.7	Fabrication	409
10.8	Resistance to Underwater Explosions and Point-Impact Loading	409
10.9	Conclusion	410
	References	411
	Figures 10.1-10.20	412
11.0	Spherical Sector Windows
11.1	Introduction	433
11.2	Spherical Shell Sectors with Conical Bearing Surfaces	435
11.3	Modified Spherical Shell Sectors	455
11.4	Conclusion	464
	References	465
	Figures 11.1-11.109	466
Appendix A	Short-Term Critical Pressures and Displacements of Spherical Sector Windows	551
Appendix B	Long-Term Displacement of Spherical Sector Windows Under Sustained Pressure Loading	569
12.0	Spherical Pressure Hulls
12.1	Introduction	577
12.2	Internal Pressure	579
12.3	Ideal Spheres Under External Pressure	582
12.4	Conclusion	629
	References	631
	Figures 12.1-12.70	633
Appendix A	Construction of Acrylic Spheres for NEMO Submersibles	689
13.0	Cylindrical Windows
13.1	Introduction	713
13.2	Internal Pressure	714
13.3	External Pressure	723
13.4	Fabrication	736
13.5	Conclusion	738
	References	739
	Figures 13.1-13.37	740
Appendix A	Numerical Example for Calculations of Stresses in a Ring Stiffened Cylinder Under External Pressure	773
14.0	Illumination of Vessel Interiors
14.1	Introduction	775
14.2	Illumination Through Windows (WTLS)	775
14.3	Illumination through Acrylic Light Pipes (ALPS)	777
14.4	Summary	779
	References	781
	Figures 14.1-14.29	782
Appendix A	Window Transmission Light System (WTLS)	803
Appendix B	Acrylic Light Pipe System (ALPS)	809
Enclosure 1	Light Pipe Assembly Qualification/Acceptance Tests	817
Enclosure 2	Light Pipe Assembly Control Test	822
Enclosure 3	Light Pipe Assembly Fabrication Drawings	825
15.0	Stress Relieving Processes
15.1	Residual Stresses	833
15.2	Reduction of Residual Stresses	834
15.3	Quality Control of Annealing Effectiveness	839
15.4	Summary	843
	References	844
	Figures 15.1-15.7	850
16.0	Joining Acrylic Components
16.1	Introduction	857
16.2	Mechanical Joining	857
16.3	Adhesive Joining	858
16.4	Adhesive Joined Bond Configuration	861
16.5	Dams for Containment of Cement in the Bond Gap	862
16.6	Cementing Procedures	865
16.7	Durability of Bonded Joints	866
16.8	Effect of Joint Defects on Bond Performance	867
16.9	Repair of Bonded Joints	870
16.10	Cementing of Repair Bonds	873
16.11	Summary	874
	References	875
	Figures 16.1-16.23	878
17.0	Effect of Submersion in Water
17.1	Introduction	897
17.2	Effects of Submergence	897
17.3	Fouling	899
17.4	Summary	903
	References	904
	Figures 17.1-17.11	905
18.0	Crazing
18.1	Introduction	913
18.2	Craze Definition	913
18.3	Causes of Crazing	913
18.4	Postponement of Crazing	916
18.5	Resistance to Crazing	916
18.6	Removal of Crazing	918
18.7	Summary	918
	References	920
	Tables 18.1-18.3 and Figures 18.1-18.6	921
19.0	Deterioration of Acrylic in Service
19.1	Introduction	927
19.2	Effect of Weathering	928
19.3	Effect of Stress	933
19.4	Service Life of Windows	937
19.5	Procedure for Determining Remaining Service Life	938
19.6	Service Inspection of Windows	942
19.7	Description of Safety Hazards	943
19.8	Effect of High Energy Radiation	945
19.9	Chemical Attack	947
19.10	Summary	948
	References	949
	Figures 19.1-19.10	950
Appendix A	Effect of Cleaners and Disinfectants on Stress Crazing Initiation	957
Appendix B	Evaluation of Cleaners, Waxes, Protective Coatings, and Gasketing Materials for Use on Acrylic Windows	961
Appendix C	Effect of Chemicals on Cast Acrylic	969
Appendix D	Refinishing of Crazed, Cracked, or ScratchedAcrylic Surfaces by the User	977
Appendix E	Storage of Acrylic Windows	981
20.0	Optical Characteristics
20.1	Optical Properties of Materials	985
20.2	Imagery in Viewing Media	989
20.3	Optical Geometry of Viewports	991
20.4	Ray Tracing and Light Pipes	999
20.5	Comparisons and Conclusions	1002
	References	1003
	Figures 20.1-20.18	1004
Appendix A	Optical Properties of Spherical Shell Acrylic Windows	1019
21.0	Safety Standards
21.1	Introduction	1025
21.2	Historical Background	1025
21.3	ASME PVHO-1 Safety Standard	1026
21.4	Projected Performance of the Window in Service	1033
21.5	Summary	1035
	References	1037
	Figures 21.1-21.10	1038

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