Created Equal: How the Bible Broke with Ancient Political Thought »

Joshua Berman was raised in New York City and attended Princeton University as an undergraduate where he received his B.A. in Religion. After emigrating to Israel in 1987, he received ordination as an orthodox rabbi, and pursued doctoral studies in Bible at Bar-Ilan University. He lectures in Bible at Bar-Ilan University and at the Shalem Center in Jerusalem, where he was a research fellow during the 2004-06 academic years. Visit the website for his book at http://www.createdequalthebook.com.
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Joshua Berman engages the text of the Hebrew Bible from a novel perspective — as a document of social and political thought. He proposes that the Pentateuch can be read as the earliest prescription on record for the establishment of an egalitarian polity. The blueprint that emerges is that of a society that would stand in stark contrast to the social orders found in the surrounding cultures of the ancient Near East — Egypt, Mesopotamia, Ugarit, and the Hittite Empire — where the hierarchical structure of the polity was centered on the figure of the king and his retinue. Berman shows that the Pentateuch's egalitarian ideal is articulated in comprehensive fashion and is expressed in its theology, politics, economics, use of technologies of communication, and in its narrative literature. Throughout, he invokes parallels from the modern period as heuristic devices to illuminate the ancient developments under study. Thus, for example, the constitutional principles in the Book of Deuteronomy are examined in the light of principles espoused by Montesquieu, and the rise of the novel in 18th-century England serves to illuminate the advent of new modes of storytelling in biblical narrative.

Introduction 3

1 Egalitarian Theology: The Commoner's Upgrade from King's Servant to Servant King 15

2 Egalitarian Politics: Constitution, Class, and the Book of Deuteronomy 51

3 Egalitarianism and Assets: God the Economist 81

4 Egalitarian Technology: Alphabet, Text, and Class 109

5 Egalitarianism and the Evolution of Narrative: The Rescue of Moses (Exodus 2:1-10) and the Sargon Legend Compared 135

Conclusion: Egalitarianisms Ancient and Modern 167

Notes 177

Select Bibliography 223

Index of Scriptural References 243

Subject Index 247