Business and Global Governance »

Morten Ougaard is Professor of International Political Economy, and Director of the International Business and Politics Program at Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. He is the co-editor of Towards a Global Polity - also published by Routledge.

Anna Leander is Professor of International Political Economy, Copenhagen Business School, Denmark. She is the co-editor of Constructivism and International Relations: Wendt and his Critics - also published by Routledge.

Over the past two decades, the role of business in global governance has become increasingly topical. Transnational business associations are progressively more visible in international policy debates and in intergovernmental institutions, and there is a heightened attention given to global policy-making in national and international business communities.

This text examines and explains the multiple modes of engagement between business and global governance; it presents a variety of theoretical approaches which can be used to analyse them, along with empirical illustrations. Featuring a range of leading US and European scholars, it is divided into three parts that summarize different modes of engagement. Each section is illustrated by two or three studies that represent a distinct theoretical take on the issue with empirical illustrations. The book examines:

• *Business as master and purpose of global governance

• *Business as subject and opponent to global governance

• *Business as partner and facilitator of global governance

This book will be of interest to students and scholars of Business Studies, International Relations, International Politics and International Political Economy, as well as for practitioners – in the public and private sector.

List of figures and tables xii

List of Contributors xiii

Preface xvii

1 Introducing business and global governance Murten Oujgaad 1

Introduction 1

Beginnings 3

Understanding international business 6

Policy regimes for international business 14

Business in global governance 20

The volume 26

Note 30

References 30

Part 1 Business as master of global governance 37

2 Direct and indirect influence at the world intellectual property organization Christopher May 39

Business power from a critical perspective 41

Corporations and intellectual property 43

The global governance of intellectual property: between the WTO and the WIPO 45

Norms in global governance: making property in knowledge normal 49

Critical IPE, the (re)production of norms and power in global governance 53

Notes 55

References 55

3 Practices (re)producing orders: understanding the role of business in global security governance Anna Leander 57

Blinders obscuring business's part in global security governance 57

Breaking with formalism: global governance as practice 61

Breaking with atomism: contextualizing practices 65

The rise (and possible decline) of business in global governance 68

Conclusion 71

Notes 72

References 73

4 Unthinking the GATS: a radical political economy critique of private transnational governance A. Claire Cutler 78

The GATS and subjectivity in transnational governance 78

Law and the modern corporate subject 82

Imperfect subjects and unthinking the GATS 88

Notes 92

References 94

Part II Business as subject to global governance 97

5 Business and global climate governance: a neo-pluralist perspective Robert Falkner 99

Introduction 99

The neo-pluralist perspective on business in global governance 100

Business and the global politics of climate change 105

Conclusions 112

References 115

6 Governing corruption through the global corporation Hans Krause Hansen 118

Introduction 118

Corruption governance 118

Corruption governance as business regulation 120

Corruption governance as the management of risk, performance and transparency 123

Conclusions and perspectives 133

Note 134

References 134

7 Transnational governance networks in the regulation of finance: the making of global regulation and supervision standards in the banking industry Eleni Tsingou 138

Financial sector regulation and supervision: trends, policies and interests 139

Explaining financial governance: the role of transnational governance networks 140

Basel II - or how private interests became public policy 142

Business and the governance of finance 146

Implications for global governance: building legitimacy in a time of crisis? 148

Conclusions 150

Notes 151

References 153

8 Non-triad multinationals and global governance: still a North-South conflict? Andreas Nölke Heather Taylor 156

Introduction 156

Conventional theoretical approaches to (NT)MNCs 158

A "modified varieties of capitalism " explanation for the rise of NTMNCs 162

Implications for global governance: charting future conflict and cooperation potential 170

Concluding remarks 173

Notes 174

References 175

Part III Business as partner in global governance 179

9 Rethinking multilateralism: global governance and public-private partnerships with the UN Benedicte Bull 181

Introduction 181

Public-private partnerships in the United Nations system 182

PPPs and multilateralism 184

Market multilateralism: legitimacy and authority 185

Cases of market multilateralism 187

Conclusion 193

Notes 195

References 196

10 ISO and the success of regulation through voluntary consensus Craig N. Murphy Joanne Yates 200

Gaining capacity, building a world market and expanding scope 201

ISO's current structure and operations 203

The development and adoption of specific standards: toward a theory of the international standards movement and its impact 208

Note 215

References 215

11 Beyond the boardroom: "Multilocation" and the business face of celebrity diplomacy Andrew F. Cooper 218

Introduction 218

In theory and practice 218

The expanding world of the celebrity diplomat 221

Davos and the "shifting power equation" 223

The power of commercial bite: Gates and Soros 225

Multilocational images and impact 230

Notes 232

References 232

12 Variations in corporate norm-entrepreneurship: why the home state matters Annegret Flohr Lothar Reith Sandra Schwindenhammer Klaus Dieter Wolf 235

Introduction 235

The concept of corporate norm-entrepreneurship 237

The puzzle - cross-national variations in corporate norm-entrepreneurship 237

Possible explanations 239

Business-government relations: an alternative explanation? 240

The alternative approach: cooperative versus adversarial business-government relations 241

A constructivist explanation: national environments and business identity 247

Conclusion 250

Notes 251

References 252

Index 257