Anita Whitney, Louis Brandeis, and the First Amendment »

This book explains why Supreme Court Justice Brandeis's concurring opinion in Whitney v. California remains a distinct rhetorical masterpiece and also explores the context and frame of Anita Whitney's social and political activism during the early twentieth-century Red Scare now largely forgotten.

The lives of the activist and the judge converged in 1927 when Whitney's 1920 conviction for violating California's Criminal Syndicalist Act led to Brandeis'S now classic opinion that bears her name. This book also tells the story of the "radical" Anita Whitney, "clubwoman-Mayflower descendent," Wellesley graduate, socially prominent communist who was tried, convicted, and sentenced to serve time in San Quentin prison before she was pardoned by the governor of California.

The evolution of Brandeis's eloquent concurring opinion that accomplished the unanimous decision against Whitney and simultaneously undermined it, has its own complex history in that it converges and develops the ideas and arguments of two of Brandeis's opinions: Ruthenberg v. Michigan and Whitney v. California. The Whitney opinion may never have become a major statement about First amendment rights had communist Charles Ruthenberg not died at the time Whitney was being decide. Brandeis's opinion is alive today, while the majority opinion has been rejected by the High Court in 1969: "Whitney has been thoroughly discredited" and "overruled."

There is a university and timelessness in the efforts to silence "heretics" and "witches." The Red Scare of 1919-1920 led to the arrest, trail, and conviction of Anita Whitney who was defined as a threat to the stability and security of the state and nation. In 1927, however, Brandeis warned in his Whitney opinion that "fear breeds repression; repression breeds hate" and he told us that historically "men feared witches and burnt women." The American twentieth century had its share of "witch hunts" where the "witches" were socialist, communists, anarchists, and anyone else considered suspect in thought of deed. In his Whitney opinion Brandeis reminds us that those who won our independence "did not fear political change" and that "It is the function of speech to free men from their irrational fears." He asserted in Whitney "that public discussion is a political duty." Whitney exercised that duty until the end of her life.

Readers who are interested in the language and measures used in the first Red Scare as well as students of law and the history of women will find in Anita Whitney, Louis Brandeis, and the First Amendment the discussion of a time that is by no means archival but is always necessary to keep us alert and conscious of the danger of irrational fears.

Acknowledgments 9

Introduction 13

1 Student, Suffragist, Socialist 33

2 Metaphorizing Suffragists and Reds into Traitors, Snakes, Poison, Plague 43

3 The Arrest of Red-Socialite Anita Whitney 62

4 The Trial and Conviction of Anita Whitney 90

5 Justice Brandeis's Remarkable and Eloquent Whitney Opinion 125

6 Anita Whitney Fulfills Her "Political Duty" 144

Appendix A California's 1919 Criminal Syndicalism Act 157

Appendix B Justice Brandeis's Concurring Whitney v. California Opinion 159

Appendix C Governor C. C. Young's Pardon of Charlotte Anita Whitney, Sacramento, CA, 1927 165

Notes 179

Bibliography 193

Index 199