Authors: William Dwight Whitney
ISBN-13: 9781145792029, ISBN-10: 1145792022
Format: Paperback
Publisher: Nabu Press
Date Published: February 2010
Edition: (Non-applicable)
This Dover edition is an unabridged reprint of the third edition of A Sanskrit Grammar, Including both the Classical Language, and the older Dialects, of Veda and Brahmana, originally published by Ginn and Company, Boston, 1896. Whitney's (1827-1894) text remains one of the few Sanskrit grammars currently available, and will increase the accessibility of ancient Indian literature to students of Indian culture and history. Annotation ©2004 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Preface | iii | |
Introduction | ix | |
I. | Alphabet | 1 |
II. | System of Sounds; Pronunciation | 10 |
Vowels | 10 | |
Consonants | 13 | |
Quantity | 27 | |
Accent | 28 | |
III. | Rules of Euphonic Combination | 34 |
Introductory | 34 | |
Principles | 37 | |
Rules of Vowel Combination | 42 | |
Permitted Finals | 49 | |
Deaspiration | 53 | |
Surd and Sonant Assimilation | 54 | |
Combinations of Final s and r | 56 | |
Conversion of s to s | 61 | |
Conversion of n to n | 54 | |
Conversion of Dental Mutes to Linguals and Palatals | 66 | |
Combinations of Final n | 69 | |
Combinations of Final m | 71 | |
The Palatal Mutes and Sibilant, and h | 72 | |
The Lingual Sibilant | 77 | |
Extension and Abbreviation | 78 | |
Strengthening and Weakening Processes | 81 | |
Guna and Vrddhi | 81 | |
Vowel-lengthening | 84 | |
Vowel-lightening | 85 | |
Nasal Increment | 86 | |
Reduplication | 87 | |
IV. | Declension | 88 |
Gender, Number, Case | 88 | |
Uses of the Cases | 89 | |
Endings of Declension | 103 | |
Variation of Stem | 107 | |
Accent in Declension | 108 | |
V. | Nouns and Adjectives | 111 |
Classification etc. | 111 | |
Declension I. | Stems in a | 112 |
Declension II. | Stems in i and u | 116 |
Declension III. | Stems in Long Vowels (a, i, u): A. Root-words etc. | 124 |
Stems in Diphthongs | 130 | |
B. Derivative Stems etc. | 131 | |
Declension IV. | Stems in r or ar | 137 |
Declension V. | Stems in Consonants | 141 |
A. | Root-stems etc. | 143 |
B. | Derivative Stems in as is, us | 153 |
C. | Derivative Stems in an | 156 |
D. | In in | 161 |
E. | In ant or at | 163 |
F. | Perfect Participles in vans | 169 |
G. | Comparatives in yans or yas | 172 |
Comparison | 173 | |
VI. | Numerals | 177 |
Cardinals | 177 | |
Ordinals etc. | 183 | |
VII. | Pronouns | 185 |
Personal | 185 | |
Demonstrative | 188 | |
Interrogative | 194 | |
Relative | 195 | |
Other Pronouns: Emphatic, Indefinite | 196 | |
Nouns used pronominally | 197 | |
Pronominal Derivatives, Possessives etc. | 197 | |
Adjectives declined pronominally | 199 | |
VIII. | Conjugation | 200 |
Voice, Tense, Mode, Number, Person | 200 | |
Verbal Adjectives and Nouns | 203 | |
Secondary Conjugations | 203 | |
Personal Endings | 204 | |
Subjunctive Mode | 209 | |
Optative | 211 | |
Imperative | 213 | |
Uses of the Modes | 215 | |
Participles | 220 | |
Augment | 220 | |
Reduplication | 222 | |
Accent of the Verb | 223 | |
IX. | The Present-System | 227 |
General | 227 | |
Conjugations and Conjugation Classes | 228 | |
Root-Class (second or ad-class) | 231 | |
Reduplicating Class (third or hu-class) | 242 | |
Nasal Class (seventh or rudh-class) | 250 | |
nu and u-Classes (fifth and eighth, or su- and tan-classes) | 254 | |
na-Class (ninth or kri-class) | 260 | |
a-Class (first or bhu-class) | 264 | |
Accented a-Class (sixth or tud-class) | 269 | |
ya-Class (fourth or div-class) | 271 | |
Accented ya-Class or Passive Conjugation | 275 | |
So-called tenth or cur-class | 277 | |
Uses of the Present and Imperfect | 278 | |
X. | The Perfect-System | 279 |
Perfect Tense | 279 | |
Perfect Participle | 291 | |
Modes of the Perfect | 292 | |
Pluperfect | 295 | |
Uses of the Perfect | 295 | |
XI. | The Aorist-Systems | 297 |
Classification | 297 | |
I. | Simple Aorist | |
1. | Root-Aorist | 299 |
Passive Aorist 3d sing | 304 | |
2. | The a-Aorist | 305 |
II. | ||
3. | Reduplicated Aorist | 308 |
III. | Sibilant Aorist | 313 |
4. | The s-Aorist | 314 |
5. | The is-Aorist | 320 |
6. | The sis-Aorist | 323 |
7. | The sa-Aorist | 325 |
Precative | 326 | |
Uses of the Aorist | 328 | |
XII. | The Future-Systems | 330 |
I. | The s-Future | 331 |
Preterit of the s-Future, Conditional | 334 | |
II. | The Periphrastic Future | 335 |
Uses of the Futures and Conditional | 337 | |
XIII. | Verbal adjectives and Nouns: Participles, Infinitives, Gerunds | 340 |
Passive Participle in ta or na | 340 | |
Past Active Participle in tavant | 344 | |
Future Passive Participles, Gerundives | 345 | |
Infinitives | 347 | |
Uses of the Infinitives | 351 | |
Gerunds | 355 | |
Adverbial Gerund in am | 359 | |
XIV. | Derivative or Secondary Conjugation | 360 |
I. | Passive | 361 |
II. | Intensive | 362 |
Present-System | 365 | |
Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 370 | |
III. | Desiderative | 372 |
Present-System | 374 | |
Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 376 | |
IV. | Causative | 378 |
Present-System | 380 | |
Perfect, Aorist, Future, etc. | 383 | |
V. | Denominative | 386 |
XV. | Periphrastic and Compound Conjugation | 391 |
The Periphrastic Perfect | 392 | |
Participial Periphrastic Phrases | 394 | |
Composition with Prepositional Prefixes | 395 | |
Other Verbal Compounds | 400 | |
XVI. | Indeclinables | 403 |
Adverbs | 403 | |
Prepositions | 414 | |
Conjunctions | 416 | |
Interjections | 417 | |
XVII. | Derivation of Declinable Stems | 418 |
A. | Primary Derivatives | 420 |
B. | Secondary Derivatives | 454 |
XVIII. | Formation of Compound Stems | 480 |
Classification | 480 | |
I. | Copulative Compounds | 485 |
II. | Determinative Compounds | 489 |
A. | Dependent Compounds | 489 |
B. | Descriptive Compounds | 494 |
III. | Secondary Adjective Compounds | 501 |
A. | Possessive Compounds | 501 |
B. | Compounds with Governed Final Member | 511 |
Adjective Compounds as Nouns and as Adverbs | 512 | |
Anomalous Compounds | 514 | |
Stem-finals altered in Composition | 514 | |
Loose Construction with Compounds | 515 | |
Appendix | 516 | |
A. | Examples of Various Sanskrit Type | 516 |
B. | Example of Accentuated Text | 518 |
Synopsis of the conjugation of roots bhu and kr | 520 | |
Sanskrit-Index | 521 | |
General-Index | 540 |