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A History of the Popes, 1830-1914 »

Authors: Owen Chadwick
ISBN-13: 9780198269229, ISBN-10: 0198269226
Format: Hardcover
Publisher: Oxford University Press, USA
Date Published: July 1998
Edition: (Non-applicable)

Author Biography: Owen Chadwick

Cambridge University (Emeritus)

Book Synopsis

Could a Pope ever consent to be the subject of a political power? Chadwick presents an analysis of the causes and consequences of the end of the historic Papal State, and the psychological pressures upon old Rome as it came under attack from the Italian Risorgimento; and not only from Italy, but from liberal movements in Germany, France, Spain, and Portugal, as well as Tsarist Russia as it oppressed its Polish subjects. If a united Italy was to be achieved, the State would have to disappear. These pressures caused Popes to resist "the world" rather than to try to influence it, to make the Vatican more of a sanctuary behind high walls, and to preach the more otherworldly aspects of Catholic faith. At the same time they met new moral demands: the rights of the laborer in industry, divorce, and toleration—which they could confront because the Revolution had destroyed the powers of the Catholic kings over their churches. Thus, Chadwick points out, Catholic authority could be far more centralized in Rome.

	Abbreviations	ix
1.	Gregory XVI	1
	The Election of 1831	1
	Revolution in the Papal States	4
	The Five Powers at Rome	9
	Lamennais and the Idea of Toleration	12
	Bourgeois France and the Church	31
	Germany and Marriage	34
	The Trier Robe	43
	The Sonderbund	44
	The Missions	46
	The Papal States in Italy	49
	Italy for the Italians	51
	Mazzini	51
	The Neo-Guelfs	53
	Gregory XVI's Reputation	57
2.	A Liberal Pope, 1846-1848	61
	The Conclave of 1846	61
	The Amnesty	63
	The Pope as Leader of Italy	71
	The Refusal to Go to War	77
	Pellegrino Rossi	80
	The Roman Revolution	82
	The Flight of the Pope	83
	The Roman Republic	85
	The Restoration to Rome	91
3.	Catholic Power	95
	Louis Napoleon	95
	The Austrian Concordat	105
	The Pope and Catholic Power	109
	Political Reputation	124
4.	The Making of Italy	132
	The Quarrel Between the Pope and Piedmont	132
	Cavour and Religion	135
	The Election of 1857 and Its Consequences	139
	The Plan to Unite North Italy	141
	Garibaldi in the South	148
	The Death of Cavour	153
	The Search for 'Liberal Priests'	155
5.	The Need for a Council	161
	Napoleon III and the Church of the 1860s	161
	The September Convention	165
	The Syllabus of Errors	168
	The First Vatican Council	181
6.	The Prisoner of the Vatican	215
	The Acceptance of the Council	220
	Rome as a Lay City	225
	The Prisoner in the Vatican	226
	The Law of Guarantees	228
	The New Bishops	239
	The Speeches of Pius IX	243
	Conciliation with Italy?	245
	Austria	247
	The Old Catholics	251
	The Kulturkampf in Germany	254
	Britain	265
	The Deaths of the Pope and the King of Italy	268
7.	Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)	273
	The Conclave of 1878	273
	The Character of Leo XIII	278
	The Philosophy of St Thomas Aquinas	281
	Leo XIII and Italy	283
	The Relationships with the Powers	285
	The Ending of the German Kulturkampf	286
	The Kulturkampf in Switzerland	288
	The Kulturkampf in France	290
	Conciliation in Italy?	301
	Freemasons	304
	Socialism and the Workers' Movement	307
	Ketteler	311
	Rerum novarum, 1891	312
	Democracy?	320
	The Press	322
	The Death of Leo XIII	330
8.	Pope Pius X (1903-1914)	332
	The Conclave of 1903	332
	The Early Career of Pope Pius X	341
	Modernism	346
	The Endeavour at Reform of the Church	359
	The Reform of Canon Law	359
	The Daily Eucharist	361
	Music	364
	The Daily Office	365
	The Ideal of a Priest	365
	Reform of the Curia	366
	The Cardinals	371
	Pius X and France	377
	Separation of Church and State in France	391
	The Roman Question and Italian Politics	402
9.	Nationality and Religion: Tyrol and Poland	406
	Tyrol	406
	Poland	409
	The Uniats	411
	Catholicism and Nationalism in Poland	416
	The Poles in Prussia	433
	The Poles in Galicia	434
	The Change of 1905	434
10.	Nationality and Religion: Spain	436
	The Carlist War	438
	The Spanish Concordat	444
	Father Claret	446
	The Quest for Order in the State	449
	Clericalism and Anticlericalism	452
	Integrism versus Liberalism	454
	The Seminaries	456
	The Parishes	458
	The Revival of Religious Orders	460
	The Jesuits	462
	The Holy Family at Barcelona	465
	The Spanish Protestants	466
11.	Nationality and Religion: Portugal	469
	The Monks	473
	Church and State	475
	The Piety of the People	479
	The Portuguese Revolution of 1910	481
12.	The Religious	484
	The Benedictines	493
	Camaldoli	504
	The Olivetans	504
	The Franciscans	505
	The Cistercians	507
	The Carthusians	510
	The Dominicans	511
	The Jesuits	518
	The Oratorians	521
	The Mercedarians	524
	The Salesians	524
	The Nuns	526
	The Mariavites	529
13.	Catholic Universities	533
14.	The Idea of Reunion	541
15.	Saints in the Modern World	550
	Doctors of the Church	568
	Select Bibliography	571
	Index	590

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A History of the Popes, 1830-1914 »

Author Biography: Owen Chadwick

Book Synopsis

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