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Euclidean and Non-Euclidean Geometries: Development and History Third Edition
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- ISBN-100716724464
- ISBN-13978-0716724469
- EditionThird
- PublisherW. H. Freeman
- Publication dateJuly 15, 1993
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.4 x 1.11 x 9.3 inches
- Print length512 pages
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Product details
- Publisher : W. H. Freeman; Third edition (July 15, 1993)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 512 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0716724464
- ISBN-13 : 978-0716724469
- Item Weight : 1.87 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.4 x 1.11 x 9.3 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,751,277 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #75 in Non-Euclidean Geometries (Books)
- #364 in Geometry
- #72,853 in Unknown
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Each time I have reviewed Dr.Greenberg's text, I am not only able to retain the material easier, but also to achieve a new level of understanding, which is kind of surprising.
This text is a treasure of knowledge of geometry, but the reader, if not much better prepared than me, needs to understand that digesting this text requires a bit of a committment , but it is well worth the effort. If you are a prior football player, like me, you will probably remember the coach mentioning it will take a 110% effort to win. This is a different way of indicating how tenacious, I feel, you will need to be.
I am really looking forward to reading Dr. Greenberg's most recent edition of this text, which is now available.
One can begin at the beginning of Euclid's Elements. He defined certain basic terms, which, it is now argued, should not be defined if to avoid "infinite regress" (p.11). Ironically, the accordingly undefined terms, and some additions to them, are said to be clarified, filling in gaps in Euclid's proofs (p.13).
"Infinite regress" is alleged because on defining terms by others, we can ask that the others be defined, and so on indefinitely. However, this is not how definition works. We speak and write volumes with barely a definition, because we already understand most of the language. If some of it is uncertain, we can clarify it with familiar words. And what we especially want to understand in discussions are key words as in the above.
Leaving terms undefined is motivated rather by wanting to arbitrarily "interpret" them for subjects like non-Euclidean geometries. This, as I noted elsewhere, commits the fallacy of equivocation. One cannot prove something by changing meanings of words involved.
As to gaps in Euclid's proofs, it is claimed he failed to supply axioms for conditions merely assumed (p.70). But it is axioms that are assumptions. In fact, they are said to (p.10) likewise avoid "infinite regress", by being accepted without proof. But the unstated conditions questioned, like betweenness (p.72), are of fundamental human knowledge gained by observation, the source of certainty even in logical principles, "not conceivable otherwise" and confirmable by diagrams. These conditions are like other words in the proofs tacitly understood, without making them explicit.
More specific to the author are other flaws. He misstates Euclid's 1st postulate, having it say that a unique (straight) line "exists" passing through any two distinct points. The uniqueness (or such as existence) is not stated in Euclid's postulate and is not an issue until Proposition 4.
Or, the author confuses his assertion (p.83) that every segment is congruent (equal) to itself (as usually part of Laws of Thought) with the 4th Common Notion, which states that things which coincide with one another are equal to one another. That Common Notion is referenced in again Proposition 4, and is about placing one shape over another whereupon they coincide and are equal in that sense.
Flaws in the book also enter elementary logic. It is e.g. stated (p.45) that "~[H > C]" ("H does not imply C") is the same as "H & ~C" ("[H and not-C] is true"). The statements are universal, and given the first one, the second can be false in particular cases. In another flaw (p.49) the Law of Excluded Middle is said to state that P implies P or not-P. What the law does state is merely that either P or not-P is true, without positing one of them.
The book contains many other flaws, not coverable within present limitations.
This book starts with Euclid's first axioms and leads you through the whys and whos of the development of non-Euclidean geometry. First, you get a complete re-introduction to Euclidean geometry itself, which is very handy and leads you directly to later developments. The unprovability of the Parallel Postulate (Euclid's Axiom V) reminded me of the Ultraviolet Catastrophe in physics/chemistry history, and Greenberg shows the motivating effect this had on the mathematics community. Unfortunately, the problem wasn't solved in a matter of decades, as with the Catastrophe, and mathematicians poked at the Parallel Postulate as if it were a sore tooth for hundreds of years before they realized that the REALLY interesting results happened when you discarded the Postulate altogether. In fact, one of the most heartbreaking sections of the book is Greenberg's description of Girolamo Saccheri's work in the 17th century. Saccheri had discovered a type of quadrilateral that seemed able to have acute summit angles and right base angles at the same time. These are perfectly possible in what's now known as hyperbolic geometry, but the only geometry known in Saccheri's time, Euclidean geometry, made no allowances for such a strange creature. Instead of realizing what he was looking at, Saccheri abandoned this line of inquiry in disgust. "It is as if a man had discovered a rare diamond," Greenberg writes, "but, unable to believe what he saw, announced it was glass."
The axioms of hyperbolic geometry are well-presented; I understood them quite well even though it's been 17 years since I took geometry. Klein's and Poincare's models of the hyperbolic plane are presented in an interesting fashion and fleshed out with several excercises and examples. I'm ashamed to say that the book started to pull away from me like an Astin Martin from a Yugo in the final two chapters. Aside from the very advanced nature of the proofs in these chapters, Greenberg's definition of ideal points is not what it could be (sets of rays?), and some of the text relies on results from previous chapters exercises. Someday I might come back to this to do the exercises as well.
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Reviewed in India on January 12, 2020