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Two Essays on Analytical Psychology (Collected Works of C.G. Jung, Volume 7) (The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, 41) 2nd Edition
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This volume has become known as perhaps the best introduction to Jung's work. In these famous essays. "The Relations between the Ego and the Unconscious" and "On the Psychology of the Unconscious," he presented the essential core of his system. Historically, they mark the end of Jung's intimate association with Freud and sum up his attempt to integrate the psychological schools of Freud and Adler into a comprehensive framework.
This is the first paperback publication of this key work in its revised and augmented second edition of 1966. The earliest versions of the Two Essays, "New Paths in Psychology" (1912) and "The Structure of the Unconscious" (1916), discovered among Jung's posthumous papers, are published in an appendix, to show the development of Jung's thought in later versions. As an aid to study, the index has been comprehensively expanded.
- ISBN-100691097763
- ISBN-13978-0691097763
- Edition2nd
- PublisherPrinceton University Press
- Publication dateFebruary 1, 1967
- LanguageEnglish
- Dimensions6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
- Print length330 pages
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Editorial Reviews
Review
"[This work] is important as evidence of the evolution of Jung's thought (the book contains the original essays which were written in 1912 and 1916 as well as their most recent revisions) and is valuable as an introduction to the 'analytical' or 'complex' psychology of the Jungian school."---Thomas J. J. Altizer, The Journal of Religion
From the Back Cover
Excerpt. © Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
TWO ESSAYS ON ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY
By C. G. JUNG, GERHARD ADLER, R. F. C. HULLPRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS
Copyright © 1966 BOLLINGEN FOUNDATIONAll rights reserved.
ISBN: 978-0-691-09776-3
Contents
EDITORIAL NOTE TO THE FIRST EDITION, v,EDITORIAL NOTE TO THE SECOND EDITION, vii,
I ON THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE UNCONSCIOUS,
II THE RELATIONS BETWEEN THE EGO AND THE UNCONSCIOUS,
Part One THE EFFECTS OF THE UNCONSCIOUS UPON CONSCIOUSNESS,
Part Two INDIVIDUATION,
APPENDICES,
I. New Paths in Psychology, 245,
II. The Structure of the Unconscious,
BIBLIOGRAPHY, 305,
INDEX, 313,
CHAPTER 1
PSYCHOANALYSIS
1 If he wants to help his patient, the doctor and above all the "specialist for nervous diseases" must have psychological knowledge; for nervous disorders and all that is embraced by the terms "nervousness," hysteria, etc. are of psychic origin and therefore logically require psychic treatment. Cold water, light, fresh air, electricity, and so forth have at best a transitory effect and sometimes none at all. The patient is sick in mind, in the highest and most complex of the mind's functions, and these can hardly be said to belong any more to the province of medicine. Here the doctor must also be a psychologist, which means that he must have knowledge of the human psyche.
2 In the past, that is to say up to fifty years ago, the doctor's psychological training was still very bad. His psychiatric textbooks were wholly confined to clinical descriptions and the systematization of mental diseases, and the psychology taught in the universities was either philosophy or the so-called "experimental psychology" inaugurated by Wundt. The first moves towards a psychotherapy of the neuroses came from the Charcot school, at the Salpetriere in Paris; Pierre Janet began his epoch-making researches into the psychology of neurotic states, and Bernheim in Nancy took up with great success Liébeault's old and forgotten idea of treating the neuroses by suggestion. Sigmund Freud translated Bernheim's book and also derived valuable inspiration from it. At that time there was still no psychology of the neuroses and psychoses. To Freud belongs the undying merit of having laid the foundations of a psychology of the neuroses. His teachings sprang from his experience in the practical treatment of the neuroses, that is, from the application of a method which he called psychoanalysis.
3 Before we enter upon a closer presentation of our subject, something must be said about its relation to science as known hitherto. Here we encounter a curious spectacle which proves yet again the truth of Anatole France's remark: "Les savants ne sont pas curieux." The first work of any magnitude in this field awakened only the faintest echo, in spite of the fact that it introduced an entirely new conception of the neuroses. A few writers spoke of it appreciatively and then, on the next page, proceeded to explain their hysterical cases in the same old way. They behaved very much like a man who, having eulogized the idea or fact that the earth was a sphere, calmly continues to represent it as flat. Freud's next publications remained absolutely unnoticed, although they put forward observations which were of incalculable importance for psychiatry. When, in the year 1900, Freud wrote the first real psychology of dreams (a proper Stygian darkness had hitherto reigned over this field), people began to laugh, and when he actually started to throw light on the psychology of sexuality in 1905, laughter turned to insult. And this storm of learned indignation was not behindhand in giving Freudian psychology an unwanted publicity, a notoriety that extended far beyond the confines of scientific interest.
4 Accordingly we must look more closely into this new psychology. Already in Charcot's time it was known that the neurotic symptom is "psychogenic," i.e., originates in the psyche. It was also known, thanks mainly to the work of the Nancy school, that all hysterical symptoms can be produced through suggestion. Equally, something was known, thanks to the researches of Janet, about the psychological mechanisms that produce such hysterical phenomena as anaesthesia, paresia, paralysis, and amnesia. But it was not known how an hysterical symptom originates in the psyche; the psychic causal connections were completely unknown. In the early eighties Dr. Breuer, an old Viennese practitioner, made a discovery which became the real starting-point for the new psychology. He had a young, very intelligent woman patient suffering from hysteria, who manifested the following symptoms among others: she had a spastic (rigid) paralysis of the right arm, and occasional fits of absentmindedness or twilight states; she had also lost the power of speech inasmuch as she could no longer command her mother tongue but could only express herself in English (systematic aphasia). They tried at that time to account for these disorders with anatomical theories, although the cortical centre for the arm function was as little disturbed here as with a normal person. The symptomatology of hysteria is full of anatomical impossibilities. One lady, who had completely lost her hearing because of an hysterical affection, often used to sing. Once, when she was singing, her doctor seated himself unobserved at the piano and softly accompanied her. In passing from one stanza to the next he made a sudden change of key, whereupon the patient, without noticing it, went on singing in the changed key. Thus she hears—and does not hear. The various forms of systematic blindness offer similar phenomena: a man suffering from total hysterical blindness recovered his power of sight in the course of treatment, but it was only partial at first and remained so for a long time. He could see everything with the exception of people's heads. He saw all the people round him without heads. Thus he sees—and does not see. From a large number of like experiences it had been concluded that only the conscious mind of the patient does not see and hear, but that the sense function is otherwise in working order. This state of affairs directly contradicts the nature of an organic disorder, which always affects the actual function as well.
5 After this digression, let us come back to the Breuer case. There were no organic causes for the disorder, so it had to be regarded as hysterical, i.e., psychogenic. Breuer had observed that if, during her twilight states (whether spontaneous or artificially induced), he got the patient to tell him of the reminiscences and fantasies that thronged in upon her, her condition was eased for several hours afterwards. He made systematic use of this discovery for further treatment. The patient devised the name "talking cure" for it or, jokingly, "chimney-sweeping."
6 The patient had become ill when nursing her father in his fatal illness. Naturally her fantasies were chiefly concerned with these disturbing days. Reminiscences of this period came to the surface during her twilight states with photographic fidelity; so vivid were they, down to the last detail, that we can hardly assume the waking memory to have been capable of such plastic and exact reproduction. (The name "hypermnesia" has been given to this intensification of the powers of memory which not infrequently occurs in restricted states of consciousness.) Remarkable things now came to light. One of the many stories told ran somewhat as follows:
One night, watching by the sick man, who had a high fever, she was tense with anxiety because a surgeon was expected from Vienna to perform an operation. Her mother had left the room for a while, and Anna, the patient, sat by the sick-bed with her right arm hanging over the back of the chair. She fell into a sort of waking dream in which she saw a black snake coming, apparently out of the wall, towards the sick man as though to bite him. (It is quite likely that there really were snakes in the meadow at the back of the house, which had already given the girl a fright and which now provided the material for the hallucination.) She wanted to drive the creature away, but felt paralysed; her right arm, hanging over the back of the chair, had "gone to sleep": it had become anaesthetic and paretic, and, as she looked at it, the fingers changed into little serpents with death's-heads. Probably she made efforts to drive away the snake with her paralysed right hand, so that the anaesthesia and paralysis became associated with the snake hallucination. When the snake had disappeared, she was so frightened that she wanted to pray; but all speech failed her, she could not utter a word until finally she remembered an English nursery rhyme, and then she was able to go on thinking and praying in English.
7 Such was the scene in which the paralysis and the speech disturbance originated, and with the narration of this scene the disturbance itself was removed. In this manner the case is said to have been finally cured.
8 I must content myself with this one example. In the book I have mentioned by Breuer and Freud there is a wealth of similar examples. It can readily be understood that scenes of this kind make a powerful impression, and people are therefore inclined to impute causal significance to them in the genesis of the symptom. The view of hysteria then current, which derived from the English theory of the "nervous shock" energetically championed by Charcot, was well qualified to explain Breuer's discovery. Hence there arose the so-called trauma theory, which says that the hysterical symptom, and, in so far as the symptoms constitute the illness, hysteria in general, derive from psychic injuries or traumata whose imprint persists unconsciously for years. Freud, now collaborating with Breuer, was able to furnish abundant confirmation of this discovery. It turned out that none of the hundreds of hysterical symptoms arose by chance—they were always caused by psychic occurrences. So far the new conception opened up an extensive field for empirical work. But Freud's inquiring mind could not remain long on this superficial level, for already deeper and more difficult problems were beginning to emerge. It is obvious enough that moments of extreme anxiety such as Breuer's patient experienced may leave an abiding impression. But how did she come to experience them at all, since they already clearly bear a morbid stamp? Could the strain of nursing bring this about? If so, there ought to be many more occurrences of the kind, for there are unfortunately very many exhausting cases to nurse, and the nervous health of the nurse is not always of the best. To this problem medicine gives an excellent answer: "The x in the calculation is predisposition." One is just "predisposed" that way. But for Freud the problem was: what constitutes the predisposition? This question leads logically to an examination of the previous history of the psychic trauma. It is a matter of common observation that exciting scenes have quite different effects on the various persons involved, or that things which are indifferent or even agreeable to one person arouse the greatest horror in others—witness frogs, snakes, mice, cats, etc. There are cases of women who will assist at bloody operations without turning a hair, while they tremble all over with fear and loathing at the touch of a cat. I remember a young woman who suffered from acute hysteria following a sudden fright. She had been to an evening party and was on her way home about midnight in the company of several acquaintances, when a cab came up behind them at full trot. The others got out of the way, but she, as though spellbound with terror, kept to the middle of the road and ran along in front of the horses. The cabman cracked his whip and swore; it was no good, she ran down the whole length of the road, which led across a bridge. There her strength deserted her, and to avoid being trampled on by the horses she would in her desperation have leapt into the river had not the passers-by prevented her. Now, this same lady had happened to be in St. Petersburg on the bloody twenty-second of January [1905], in the very street which was cleared by the volleys of the soldiers. All round her people were falling to the ground dead or wounded; she, however, quite calm and clear-headed, espied a gate leading into a yard through which she made her escape into another street. These dreadful moments caused her no further agitation. She felt perfectly well afterwards—indeed, rather better than usual.
9 This failure to react to an apparent shock can frequently be observed. Hence it necessarily follows that the intensity of a trauma has very little pathogenic significance in itself, but it must have a special significance for the patient. That is to say, it is not the shock as such that has a pathogenic effect under all circumstances, but, in order to have an effect, it must impinge on a special psychic disposition, which may, in certain circumstances, consist in the patient's unconsciously attributing a specific significance to the shock. Here we have a possible key to the "predisposition." We have therefore to ask ourselves: what are the particular circumstances of the scene with the cab? The patient's fear began with the sound of the trotting horses; for an instant it seemed to her that this portended some terrible doom—her death, or something as dreadful; the next moment she lost all sense of what she was doing.
10 The real shock evidently came from the horses. The patient's predisposition to react in so unaccountable a way to this unremarkable incident might therefore consist in the fact that horses have some special significance for her. We might conjecture, for instance, that she once had a dangerous accident with horses. This was actually found to be the case. As a child of about seven she was out for a drive with her coachman, when suddenly the horses took fright and at a wild gallop made for the precipitous bank of a deep river-gorge. The coachman jumped down and shouted to her to do likewise, but she was in such deadly fear that she could hardly make up her mind. Nevertheless she jumped in the nick of time, while the horses crashed with the carriage into the depths below. That such an event would leave a very deep impression scarcely needs proof. Yet it does not explain why at a later date such an insensate reaction should follow the perfectly harmless hint of a similar situation. So far we know only that the later symptom had a prelude in childhood, but the pathological aspect of it still remains in the dark. In order to penetrate this mystery, further knowledge is needed. For it had become clear with increasing experience that in all the cases analysed so far, there existed, apart from the traumatic experiences, another, special class of disturbances which lie in the province of love. Admittedly "love" is an elastic concept that stretches from heaven to hell and combines in itself good and evil, high and low. With this discovery Freud's views underwent a considerable change. If, more or less under the spell of Breuer's trauma theory, he had formerly sought the cause of neurosis in traumatic experiences, now the centre of gravity of the problem shifted to an entirely different point. This is best illustrated by our case: we can understand well enough why horses should play a special part in the life of the patient, but we do not understand the later reaction, so exaggerated and uncalled for. The pathological peculiarity of this story lies in the fact that she is frightened of quite harmless horses. Remembering the discovery that besides the traumatic experience there is often a disturbance in the province of love, we might inquire whether perhaps there is something peculiar in this connection.
11 The lady knows a young man to whom she thinks of becoming engaged; she loves him and hopes to be happy with him. At first nothing more is discoverable. But it would never do to be deterred from investigation by the negative results of the preliminary questioning. There are indirect ways of reaching the goal when the direct way fails. We therefore return to that singular moment when the lady ran headlong in front of the horses. We inquire about her companions and what sort of festive occasion it was in which she had just taken part. It had been a farewell party for her best friend, who was going abroad to a health resort on account of her nerves. This friend is married and, we are told, happily; she is also the mother of a child. We may take leave to doubt the statement that she is happy; for, were she really so, she would presumably have no reason to be "nervous" and in need of a cure. Shifting ray angle of approach, I learned that after her friends had rescued her they brought the patient back to the house of her host—her best friend's husband —as this was the nearest shelter at that late hour of night. There she was hospitably received in her exhausted state. At this point the patient broke off her narrative, became embarrassed, fidgeted, and tried to change the subject. Evidently some disagreeable reminiscence had suddenly bobbed up. After the most obstinate resistance had been overcome, it appeared that yet another very remarkable incident had occurred that night: the amiable host had made her a fiery declaration of love, thus precipitating a situation which, in the absence of the lady of the house, might well be considered both difficult and distressing. Ostensibly this declaration of love came to her like a bolt from the blue, but these things usually have their history. It was now the task of the next few weeks to dig out bit by bit a long love story, until at last a complete picture emerged which I attempt to outline somewhat as follows:
As a child the patient had been a regular tomboy, caring only for wild boys' games, scorning her own sex, and avoiding all feminine ways and occupations. After puberty, when the erotic problem might have come too close, she began to shun all society, hated and despised everything that even remotely reminded her of the biological destiny of woman, and lived in a world of fantasies which had nothing in common with rude reality. Thus, until about her twenty-fourth year, she evaded all those little adventures, hopes, and expectations which ordinarily move a girl's heart at this age. Then she got to know two men who were destined to break through the thorny hedge that had grown up around her. Mr. A was her best friend's husband, and Mr. B was his bachelor friend. She liked them both. Nevertheless it soon began to look as though she liked Mr. B a vast deal better. An intimacy quickly sprang up between them and before long there was talk of a possible engagement. Through her relations with Mr. B and through her friend she often came into contact with Mr. A, whose presence sometimes disturbed her in the most unaccountable way and made her nervous. About this time the patient went to a large party. Her friends were also there. She became lost in thought and was dreamily playing with her ring when it suddenly slipped off her finger and rolled under the table. Both gentlemen looked for it and Mr. B succeeded in finding it. He placed the ring on her finger with an arch smile and said, "You know what that means!" Overcome by a strange and irresistible feeling, she tore the ring from her finger and flung it through the open window. A painful moment ensued, as may be imagined, and soon she left the party in deep dejection. Not long after this, so-called chance brought it about that she should spend her summer holidays at a health resort where Mr. and Mrs. A were also staying. Mrs. A then began to grow visibly nervous, and frequently stayed indoors because she felt out of sorts. The patient was thus in a position to go out for walks alone with Mr. A. On one occasion they went boating. So boisterous was she in her merriment that she suddenly fell overboard. She could not swim, and it was only with great difficulty that Mr. A pulled her half-unconscious into the boat. And then it was that he kissed her. With this romantic episode the bonds were tied fast. But the patient would not allow the depths of this passion to come to consciousness, evidently because she had long habituated herself to pass over such things or, better, to run away from them. To excuse herself in her own eyes she pursued her engagement to Mr. B all the more energetically, telling herself every day that it was Mr. B whom she loved. Naturally this curious little game had not escaped the keen glances of wifely jealousy. Mrs. A, her friend, had guessed the secret and fretted accordingly, so that her nerves only got worse. Hence it became necessary for Mrs. A to go abroad for a cure. At the farewell party the evil spirit stepped up to our patient and whispered in her ear, "Tonight he is alone. Something must happen to you so that you can go to his house." And so indeed it happened: through her own strange behaviour she came back to his house, and thus she attained her desire.
(Continues...)Excerpted from TWO ESSAYS ON ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY by C. G. JUNG, GERHARD ADLER, R. F. C. HULL. Copyright © 1966 BOLLINGEN FOUNDATION. Excerpted by permission of PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS.
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Product details
- Publisher : Princeton University Press; 2nd edition (February 1, 1967)
- Language : English
- Hardcover : 330 pages
- ISBN-10 : 0691097763
- ISBN-13 : 978-0691097763
- Item Weight : 1.55 pounds
- Dimensions : 6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
- Best Sellers Rank: #1,768,369 in Books (See Top 100 in Books)
- #1,799 in Medical Psychoanalysis
- #2,442 in Popular Psychology Psychoanalysis
- #4,005 in Cognitive Psychology (Books)
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About the author
Carl Gustav Jung (1875-1961) was a Swiss psychiatrist, an influential thinker and the founder of analytical psychology (also known as Jungian psychology). Jung's radical approach to psychology has been influential in the field of depth psychology and in counter-cultural movements across the globe. Jung is considered as the first modern psychologist to state that the human psyche is "by nature religious" and to explore it in depth. His many major works include "Analytic Psychology: Its Theory and Practice," "Man and His Symbols," "Memories, Dreams, Reflections," "The Collected Works of Carl G. Jung," and "The Red Book."
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So much valuable information contained here, and so much to think through and practice. More importantly, the book seems to be a great introduction to Jung. It really contains a lot of his ideas, or so I think since I haven't read much of Jung yet.
All I can say is that this book has left me both satisfied and wanting more. I will definitely be reading it again.
In the second essay, devoted to individuation and unconscious development, I can see the effect of patients upon the therapist by the end of the chapter, but some of the material strikes me as original, for example, the concept that the imago and collective unconscious could be overcome by exceptional individuals. This is not easy to fathom for those that may be prone to madness like myself, leaving a kind of uncontended wall between the therapist and the patient, something that has been one of the traditional roadblocks to genuine transformation. One suspects that the only difference between the mad and the sane is a god-given gift, something this book does not entirely dis-spell.
All in all, good psychology, but lacking in miracles. Maybe the reverse of what a psychologist would find.
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He practiced at the Psychiatric Clinic in Zurich(p 21) where the association method was developed where the ideas of personal conflicts as they develop or degenerate in multi layered complexes often resulting in regressive illnesses and obscuring the development of personal identity? I recently penned a novel Rhythm and Weep(the title from a three stooges short on female suicides in the U.S.)where I made use of this psychiatric model of understanding modern persons? He calls this phenomenal view "the interior of the house"(21). He has a different way from FReud in terms of understanding "interior worlds" as he will elaborate and fantasies of lust, sex, violence and incest. He then undertakes Adlers POwer psychology in terms of a person "tyrannizing over the entire household"(39)..he finds such power psychologies, a key part of modern persons, even though hemay find the traits undesirable and destructive? An interesting way to look at persons rather than in contemporary culture, in terms of the polarity of gay/straight,
sexualizing personalities, he opens up the fertile ground of extroversion/introversion and even though this is an old volume I think even contemporary analysts would profit to look at it? There is talk of the reflective personality and is this a facet of cultural integration, spirituality or acceptance and infusion of the local environment and its norms? He believes in the abstract idea of love? Not all therapists do, if you do you should search for one who sympathizes with your own emotional development. For the analyst love wants to deconstruct what he sees as primitive lusts for power, vacate it from the psyche and open up a world..of introversion, maybe? To understand the theorist analyst is to approach problems and people from the world of polarities and see how the individual adapts, finds values, makes choices and develops?
On p 71 the "puffed up attitude" may seem narcissistic and you can compare with the later analyst KOhut in the self aggrandizing personality, the "grandiose self." A more recent writer whom I think is worthy of study? He distinguishes his diagnoses as different from causal/reductive or theories drawn from deterministic science, as in classical psychoanalysis and psychiatry and an open ended search for the person. He finds each person unique from the label attached to him..the label are symptoms a person may display in his own fashion. He later goes on to discuss those capable of undergoing the "transcendent function"(p 99) and later talks of the idea of God or perfection..think of the philosophy of Descartes..as it relates to the development of the personality and those able to form morals, and spirituality and the contemplative psyche? Those able to develop and maintain spiritual or religious states(he doesnt go into this in this volume) can be those freed from regressive maladies?
Ancient psychology and philosophy dealt with individuation? He wants to study it, bring it from the world of philosophy into a diffeerent stream of thought the world of psychological science and psychotherapy? He is and remains always a clinician..his patients need to be helped. He is a helper..he never wants to save a person, and finds such clinicians dangerous for their clients, since they need to seek out help themselves(the object of help)
by making choices in their environment, and cutting things out from their world as a child cutting designs on a printed page? Here is the world or imagery of demons, not bein gunder the influence of.."the dark interior world"(p 174) he finds difficult to comprehend? He finds two books one by william James on Religion and the other Christina Alberta's Father(based on his own ideas of psychology)..and here the author finds in Christina Alberta..the novel of a liberated women in the authors eyes..and her father "mr Preemby" a "nonentity" a person who finds life meaningless
and develops an altar ego..to save the world..and is placed in a lunatic asylum and dies(perhaps a parable on the authors own understanding of himself)? Here also we have the idea of MESSIANIC personalities..as they relate to persons politics and religion? Also the world of contemporary politics?
The author is well versed in philosophy science psychology religion and so many topics? AS versatile as the medieval scholar and some may find this who look for a more simplified approach off putting? His approach is the proper way to help clients, and in his individuation psychology finding love and loving themselves, building self esteem and not a bloated narcissistic type "inflated" self, and trying to find love(if you choose) or whatever or wherever your self concept or identity lies in the world around you..he has his own biases? H e knows his biases and he wants to know whether his clients know,,themselves..for those able to reach the higher stages of the brain, the latest developments of the physical brain..the areas of contemplation(if my remembrance of brain physiology or phrenology is correct?). I will end in the area of Leibnitz's monads(monad as oneness) as compared to the world of plurality..polytheism..paganism and its common fprm in the contemporary psyche? He find in many ways the pagan mind finds so much in the world the monotheist..or those unifying findin goneness dont..think of the world of all those helping angels..or the household Gods in catholic or taoist world..the Kitchen Gods Wife..another novel. This world is different from the simple world of the modern scientific view..so he develops(and he has the advantage of being also a SCIENTIFIC PHILOSOPHER)..determinism/indertiminism..the introverted(thinking)extroverted(feeling)..as he puts it and where do you find yourself..the next volume in this collection deals with causality..duration..change..going from point a to b to g..and all will find it a great challenge..and we will end in his own words "the individual is by definition something unique that cannot be compared with anything else..separate the concept of the individual" the persona from being "dissolve din the collective." This too is the bias of the author?
Easy to read, fine balance between examples, illusions and theories. Great basic view on the balance between the conscious and the unconscious worlds in our heads.
Pinpoint explanation on neurosises and maintaining the world of illusion.
Alas only a few will understand what he is talking about. Not because the majority cannot comprehend but because the theorie goes beyond cause & effect and enters the reader in the realm of quantum mechanics. Inspirational for readers of Deepak Chopra, Paul McKenna, Eckhart Tolle, Wayne Dyer, etc, etc due to the very basics of illusionary living.