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An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World Hardcover – March 2, 2010

by Anders Halverson (Author)
4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars 216 ratings
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Anders Halverson provides an exhaustively researched and grippingly rendered account of the rainbow trout and why it has become the most commonly stocked and controversial freshwater fish in the United States. Discovered in the remote waters of northern California, rainbow trout have been artificially propagated and distributed for more than 130 years by government officials eager to present Americans with an opportunity to get back to nature by going fishing. Proudly dubbed “an entirely synthetic fish” by fisheries managers, the rainbow trout has been introduced into every state and province in the United States and Canada and to every continent except Antarctica, often with devastating effects on the native fauna. Halverson examines the paradoxes and reveals a range of characters, from nineteenth-century boosters who believed rainbows could be the saviors of democracy to twenty-first-century biologists who now seek to eradicate them from waters around the globe. Ultimately, the story of the rainbow trout is the story of our relationship with the natural world—how it has changed and how it startlingly has not.

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  1. Print length
    288 pages
  2. Language
    English
  3. Publisher
    Yale University Press
  4. Publication date
    March 2, 2010
  5. Dimensions
    6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
  6. ISBN-10
    0300140878
  7. ISBN-13
    978-0300140873
  8. See all details
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Editorial Reviews

Review

“With prose as engaging as it is thoughtful, Halverson has crafted an absorbing cautionary tale of ecological trial and error, documenting our tardy but increasing understanding of biological interdependence and its immeasurable value.”--Washington Post

(Washington Post 2010-02-28)

“Anyone interested in life as metaphor will find here the fascinating historical story of how different people saw their highest ideals and aspirations through the lens of a single, uncommonly compelling fish. And like democracy—but with perhaps more success—they spread it around the world. This unusually well-written, interesting book deserves a place of honor for everyone who sees in trout more than 'just' a fish."—Carl Safina, author of Song for the Blue Ocean, Eye of the Albatross, and The View From Lazy Point (Carl Safina)

"A fascinating story of man’s urge to cultivate and disseminate a beautiful coldwater fish—at times to the detriment of native species but also the joy of anglers who would not otherwise have the opportunity to catch a trout. A gripping blend of early American history, discussions on taxonomy, and questions of how best to preserve wildness and the indigenous in a world where the human relationship to Nature is complex and always changing."—James Prosek, author of Trout of the World (James Prosek)

"In this brilliant study, Anders Halverson illuminates the astonishing history of the rainbow trout, a native of the tributaries of eastern and western Pacific coastal rivers, introduced to at least 45 countries, and every continent except Antarctica. But why does he call it 'an entirely synthetic fish?' You’ll have to read this remarkable book for the answer."—Richard Ellis, author of Tuna: A Love Story and On Thin Ice: The Changing World of the Polar Bear (Richard Ellis)

“Halverson's book is a microhistory, an examination of America's involvement with a favored fish that sheds light on broader truths regarding our recent relationship with the natural world.”--Chronicle Review

(Chronicle Review 2010-03-01)

“Make no mistake, this book is a major event in the history of angling and ecological analysis. It needs to become the stuff of every angler’s conversation and practice. And it’s such a pleasure to read!”--Gordon Wickstrom, American Angler



(Gordon Wickstrom American Angler)

“Halverson entertainingly introduces some of the most tangled questions in conservation biology: What is a species? What is native? What is natural? What is wild?”--Jared Farmer, Science



(Jared Farmer Science)

“A well-paced, completely absorbing tale of how man and trout have changed the landscape of the planet.”--Ralph Cutter, California Fly Fisher

(Ralph Cutter California Fly Fisher)

"Intelligent, fair-minded and uncommonly readable."--Rob Oden, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette
 (Rob Oden Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 2010-07-25)

Winner of the 2010 National Outdoor Book Award in the Natural History Literature category, as given by the National Outdoor Book Awards Foundation, Association of Outdoor Recreation and Education, and Idaho State University (National Outdoor Book Award in the Natural History Literature category National Outdoor Book Foundation 2010-11-15)

"Halverson's account of the Green River project was gripping, and in fact, read a lot like a novel (I half-expected Bond to show up)."--Tom Chandler, The Trout Underground
(Tom Chandler The Trout Underground)

"Fly fishing for trout retains its image as a clean, low-impact outdoor activity. Rightly so, perhaps, but after reading Halverson’s book, you will think twice about how close to nature you are when you cast that line out over a rocky pool."—Laurence A. Marschall, Natural History (Laurence A. Marschall Natural History)

"Halverson treats the history of rainbow trout like a detective story and interviews or writes about a cast of fascinating characters . . . an excellent and entertaining read for anyone interested in the history of conservation, but especially the history of how rainbow trout became an entirely synthetic fish."—Peter B. Moyle, The Quarterly Review of Biology (Peter B. Moyle The Quarterly Review of Biology)

"[A] highly readable book"— Peter B. Moyle, The Quarterly Review of Biology (Peter B. Moyle The Quarterly Review of Biology)

“this brief book is an excellent and entertaining read for anyone interested in the history of conservation, but especially the history of how rainbow trout became an entirely synthetic fish” — Peter B. Moyle, The Quarterly Review of Biology (Peter B. Moyle The Quarterly Review of Biology)

About the Author

Anders Halverson is a journalist with a Ph.D. in aquatic ecology from Yale University. He lives in Boulder, CO.

Product details

  • Publisher ‏ : ‎ Yale University Press (March 2, 2010)
  • Language ‏ : ‎ English
  • Hardcover ‏ : ‎ 288 pages
  • ISBN-10 ‏ : ‎ 0300140878
  • ISBN-13 ‏ : ‎ 978-0300140873
  • Item Weight ‏ : ‎ 1.25 pounds
  • Dimensions ‏ : ‎ 6.5 x 1 x 9.5 inches
  • Customer Reviews:
    4.7 4.7 out of 5 stars 216 ratings

About the author

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Anders Halverson

Anders Halverson

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Anders Halverson is an award-winning journalist with a Ph.D. in ecology from Yale University. He wrote An Entirely Synthetic Fish as a research associate at the University of Colorado's Center of the American West. He lives in Boulder, Colorado with his wife and three sons.

For more, including historical photos and documents, please visit http://andershalverson.com

Customer reviews

4.7 out of 5 stars
4.7 out of 5
216 global ratings

Top reviews from the United States

Andrew Schonbek
5.0 out of 5 stars Hubris Begets Havoc
Reviewed in the United States on June 22, 2010
Verified Purchase
Environmental havoc that is.

This very good book is not just for anglers, ichthyologists, or other fishy folk; it's for anybody interested in environmental issues and man's interactions with nature.

Halverson tells the story (so over the top that sometimes it seems he's spinning a yarn) of the misplaced efforts to manipulate nature and "improve fisheries" through the widespread stocking of hatchery raised rainbow trout. In the 19th century fishing was seen as a means of protecting "dexterity in the arts of pursuit and destruction, courage and self-reliance". There was widespread concern that deterioration of these skills would compromise the nation's ability to "...maintain inviolate our rights and our liberties". As the author summarizes the prevailing mood at the time, "Say goodbye to recreational fishing, in other words, and say goodbye to American democracy".

Fishing at the time was threatened as a result of the wanton environmental destruction of the industrial revolution. And rather than dealing with the root causes, the government's response was aggressive stocking of rainbow trout, which were more resistant to poor water conditions than native species such as brook trout.

It's amazing to follow the chronicle of the various rationales that continued to support this practice to the present day. Also astonishing is the variety of unintended consequences of this activity, which has irretrievably altered ecosystems and eliminated native species in this country, and eventually around the world.

Halverson's style is engaging and accessible and he manages to avoid sanctimony in making his points. He approaches the whole subject with humility and a sense that the answers are not all known, and perhaps not knowable.

Hopefully a measure of humility will replace hubris as we steward the resources of our planet in the 21st century.

Highly recommended.
4 people found this helpful
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Samuel D. Snyder
5.0 out of 5 stars Even if you don't fish, this is a MUST read
Reviewed in the United States on March 5, 2010
Verified Purchase
In the few months since its publication, Anders Halverson's An Entirely Synthetic Fish has capture imaginations of a wide ranging audience - from avid fly fishers to the Diane Rehm Show, and rightfully so. In An Entirely Sythetic Fish, Halvers deftly tells the tale of how well intended programs have gone utterly wrong, putting the treasures of trout anglers at risk, while simultaneously spreading the joy of trout fishing around the globe.

The story of the rainbow trout is one of tinkering, and along the way we lost some of the parts. It begins in 1872 on California's McCloud River, where Spencer Baird, Livingston Stone and the fledgling United States Fish Commission sought to restore America's dwindling fish stocks, as well as American cultural virility, through the new science of fish culture. What started in the American West quickly became a global enterprise.

The native home of the rainbow spans the Pacific Rim, from Kamchatka to Mexico. Yet, through the waves of aesthetics, politics, and sporting organizations rainbow trout now swim on every continent, save Antarctica. In exploring that journey, Halverson tells a tale that is as much environmental history as it is American political history. We learn as much about key players like Stone as we do the fish itself, and how it was been steered by cultural values and financial gain, angler preferences and ecological manipulation. As an ecologist Halverson researched an engaging story filled with depth and critical insight and told with the deft skill of an accomplished journalist.

Halverson adds a refreshing and crucial perspective to that history. If you are interested in fishing history, fish biology, environmetnal or political history or simply want to read an intriguing story of the intricate relations between humans and animals this is a must read.
10 people found this helpful
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Micaela
4.0 out of 5 stars On one fine Sunday, I startled a middle-aged fly fisherman sleeping ...
Reviewed in the United States on March 16, 2015
Verified Purchase
As a long term resident of the American West, Bozeman, Montana to be exact, where shots from quintessential fishing film, A River Runs through It were captured, I am intimately familiar with the scenes painted in Anders Halverson’s An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World. On any given weekend, my son and I are likewise elbowing for space on the increasingly crowded Madison River. Access point Bear Trap Canyon Road is littered with Toyota Tundras and Ford F-150s stirring up the dirt road in search of an unoccupied bank in which to cast a line. On one fine Sunday, I startled a middle-aged fly fisherman sleeping on the hood of a red Pontiac when I pulled into his camp spot. He nearly rolled off in a state of mid-afternoon nap confusion. Despite their pricey reels and rods and determined looks, rarely do I witness even the most artful casts resulting in a catch along these stretches of overpopulated river, which leads me to the conclusion that these men are in search of something other than fish.

Transcendentalist American writer Henry David Thoreau mused, “Men go fishing all of their lives without knowing that it is not fish they are after.” Halverson might very well agree with this statement as he glares through the deep pools of history to examine species, oncorhynchus mykiss, better known as the rainbow trout, as it transforms from the physical reality of a living being to idea and symbol of masculine vigor projected from the American imagination. Halverson’s text reveals the inherent dangers for actual living species when it enters this dangerous world of human ideas. Depending on the time period in which it exists the rainbow trout in An Entirely Synthetic Fish is constructed to represent genetic superiority, a national symbol with religious connotations, and eventually in the scientific eye, a nuisance to biodiversity. Through no fault of its own, this unfortunate aquatic vertebrate finds itself on the end of an ideological hook as the natural analogue and worthy foe that will restore “the black-coated, stiff-jointed, soft-muscled, paste-complexioned youth” of the Atlantic cities that because of city life have become a threat to “the loins of Anglo-Saxon lineage”1. This line of reasoning begins to walk a dangerous line as it crosses into assumptions about genetic superiority and not so subtly compares the migration of fish to the population shifts of human beings.
The text begins on a foreboding note with one of the first recorded fish culturists, Livingston Stone, building his trout-breeding station on Crook’s Creek, a tributary that earned its name on behalf of a settler that was killed by Wintu Indians in 18732. If that weren’t enough of a clue as to what was to come from this foolhardy venture, Stone himself remarked, “with tarantulas, scorpions, rattlesnakes, Indians, panthers and threats of murder our course here is not wholly a path of roses”3. On the tail of this omen followed torrential rains, floods, and the eventual washing away of the actual breeding facility4. Despite these early warnings, Livingston Stone persisted and is now credited to be the first to cultivate and distribute rainbow trout outside of their native range5. Livingston Stone represents the ideal figure to carry this living being-myth symbol into the future as Harvard theological school graduate.
____________________________
1. Anders Halverson, An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World (London: Yale University Press, 2010, 69).
2. Ibid., 37.
3. Ibid., 44.
4. Ibid., 44.
5. Ibid., 28.

In the American imagination, the rainbow trout achieves a mythical, almost religious iconic status likely due to its connection to survival and ancient ways of living. For Anglo Saxons and their settler heirs, fish supplemented diets as a crucial source of protein6 and according to Halverson, “English speakers think and communicate, in other words, in a fishing language”7. In other words, fish became interwoven with our linguistic heritage and are thus inseparable from our remote memories of basic daily activities related to sustenance, such as exploring our environment and eating in community. Over time, city dwellers supposedly grew increasingly weak due to less physical forms of labor and incidents of disease, while trout remained fully integrated with the natural world that was likened by the Romantics, Transcendentalists, and Deists as the dwelling place of God himself8. The fishing line came to represent a very direct and literal connection back to this sacred abode, and the struggle that ensued between man and fish came to represent the struggle between life and death, as strange as that sounds. Strange is the theme in the history of the relationship between man and fish, and in order to replicate this experience more broadly, the rainbow trout came to share the settler destiny and manifested (through cultivation) in the many streams and lakes that adorned the face of a young America.

Critics of this text focused heavily on the extent to which early innovators distributed rainbow trout by technological means and the ways in which the political climate influenced these heroic and outlandish acts of mastery over nature. A major point of interest was the manner in which trout were dropped from aircraft into lakes below, often to entirely miss the mark or end up drying in the trees9. In a BioScience article, Jeffery Young wished that Halverson would have provided more than “short anecdotes” that hint of the global scale upon which rainbows have acted because of the profound impacts of rainbow propagation on native species and intact ecologies that are now struggling under the compounding factor of climate change.10 Halverson does devote a great deal of content related to the national anxieties tied to masculinity and population trends and how they manifest in wildlife management.

The early years of trout cultivation were marked by informal analysis of the vigor of the species when caught and upon taste.11 Rainbow trout were viewed as superior because of these characteristics and early cultivators thought the less aggressive species deserved replacing by any means necessary. After a few value system struggles and inconvenient name changes, the rainbow was established as the ideal citizen of fresh waters and the native species rapidly became crowded out by their presence. The timing of all of this is interesting, at least as the author chooses to represent it in the text. As a reader, I could not help but notice the comparisons made between weaker species and the failing Anglo-Saxon race, or the so-called bottom dweller species compared to immigrating races of people. There was nothing straightforward about this interwoven surface and subtext and it became hard to determine what exactly represented who.
____________________________
6. Anders Halverson, An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World (London: Yale University Press, 2010, 61).
7. Ibid., 60.
8. Ibid., 70.
9. Laurence Marschall, (book title) “An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World,” (Natural History: Vol. 119.4, p. 40).
10. Jeffery Young, “The Rise and Fall of an American Idea,” (Bioscience: Vol. 62.3, p. 314-315).
11. Anders Halverson, An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World (London: Yale University Press, 2010, 35).

The recurrent historical narrative of Anglo-Saxon domination would parallel that of the invasive rainbow trout as it covers and disrupts every conceivable water scape. The author’s representation allows for an equally straightforward association between the catfish and the slave class of the south that consumed them.12 At the same time Halverson describes the broad propagation of trout, he also talks of the cities that were burgeoning with incoming southern and eastern European immigrants and the resultant “backlash against the “overcivilization” of the “Nordic” race.13 The antidote to the affront to Nordic superiority was to engage in the act of capture and kill of “lesser” species including the noble trout.14 It is not too difficult to see the trouble with such a view, especially when the ailing, white city dweller resembles more closely the description of the indigenous and frail brook trout that was beat out by the rainbow. We begin to wonder which species is intended to represent which race in the conflicted recesses of the male imagination in an industrializing and rapidly changing society. When we examine the fate of the rainbow and his genetic proximities, it becomes clear.

Through the lens of scientific advancements in gene studies and after a number of seriously bungled agency-level “management” attempts, we begin to see what has become of the rainbow trout and its spawn. After so many years of breeding with rainbows accustomed to cozy hatchery conditions, hybrid fish exhibited decreasing signs of fitness and adaptability or “as (scientists) Allendorf and his colleague Robb Leary put it, “all of the diversity within and between many separate lineages, produced by millions of years of evolution, consisting of taxa capable of existing from the Arctic to the desert, for a single new mongrel species.”15 In this long-standing attempt to satisfy anglers deep psychological desires by engineering the perfect fish species through selection, breeding, and stocking what was actually created was a dull yet domineering breed as “awkward, clunky, tongue-sticking” as its new given name, “Oncorhynchus.”16 Just by saying aloud, “Oncorhynchus” we get a sense of this “mongrel” and how it mindlessly gulps other vertebrate species and any other resource available, leaving others bereft. This sounds a bit like the Anglo-Saxon species that now, despite its desire to conquer/kill/know every reach of land, now bumbles about attached to technology; dumb, dull and eating up available resources to the severe disadvantage of those who inhabited the space before him.
Halverson gets this and yet he still (unwittingly?) gets ensnared by the language of the colonizer when he echoes the anxieties felt by scientists when they mourn the lack of biodiversity that resulted from introduction of hatchery fish. He perpetuates this way of thinking when he uses words like “pure” and “mongrel” when describing the intermixing of fish species, which projects socially constructed notions of valuable or invaluable species and their characteristics. The anxiety of disease is also introduced into these intermarriages, which alludes to early American anxieties around disease introduced by immigrants.

____________________________
12. Anders Halverson, An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World (London: Yale University Press, 2010, 61).
13. Ibid., 69.
14. Ibid., 69.
15. Ibid., 156-157.
16. Ibid., 56.
17. Ibid, 156-157.

As a reader, my comfort level plummets in knowing that the term “mongrel” was often used to refer to the intermixing of races in times when such a practice was less acceptable. Halverson does the text and its readers a disservice by engaging in this type of dialogue and would do far better by sticking to the scientific subject at hand, which is loss of biodiversity brought about by human interference. He covers well the subject of commodification of fish and angling and how it became a technology of sorts, and how as the rainbow made its journey from the limited range of the Pacific Rim to the far reaches of the globe, it became a million different things – idea, religious icon, product, topic of scientific inquiry and eventually invasive species. An Entirely Synthetic Fish does an excellent job of demonstrating for a human audience what species go through for the sake of our ideals. It teaches us to heed the early warnings and if “the tarantulas, scorpions, rattlesnakes, Indians, panthers and threats of murder”18 fail to convince us to change course when it comes to heavy handed environmental meddling, then the science finally will.

____________________________
18. Anders Halverson, An Entirely Synthetic Fish: How Rainbow Trout Beguiled America and Overran the World (London: Yale University Press, 2010, 44).
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Top reviews from other countries

Steve Emms
5.0 out of 5 stars Great
Reviewed in Canada on October 14, 2022
Verified Purchase
Very thoughtful and thorough book that I enjoyed reading.
All trout fishers should read this book to understand their role in the future of the fisheries
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Paul G Hurtubise
5.0 out of 5 stars Five Stars
Reviewed in Canada on September 7, 2015
Verified Purchase
Wonderfully informative, eye opening and entertaining read. It's a must for anyone who loves rainbow trout and steelhead.
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Glen
4.0 out of 5 stars Great book for a fly fisher
Reviewed in Canada on February 27, 2023
Verified Purchase
Stunning history of fishing plantings and “sport” fisheries and the impact on native fish species. Rainbow trout not as “native” as many have believed and have displaced cutthroat trout in many places as well as crossbred with hatchery fish. Many genetic and evolutionary unintended consequences a la Silent Spring.Fascinating history, well told.
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Thomas E. McDonald
4.0 out of 5 stars This is an historical book, not a descriptive one.
Reviewed in Canada on March 4, 2019
Verified Purchase
As a historical book, I enjoyed it very much. I would have wished for more maps identifying the sites listed along with river connections. A good read for those interested in how and why the hatchery strain of rainbow trout became so widely distributed.
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Rob Shipman
4.0 out of 5 stars rainbow trout, native or invasive?
Reviewed in Canada on October 11, 2019
Verified Purchase
if you think you know all there is to know about "native" resident rainbow or brown trout, this book will educate you. very easy to read and very informative.
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